River processes and landforms

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**Hydraulic action**, **abrasion** (corrasion), **attrition**, and **solution** (corrosion).

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**Traction** (rolling), **saltation** (bouncing), **suspension** (held in flow), **solution** (dissolved).

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When its **velocity falls** and it loses energy - heaviest load dropped first, finest last.

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Soft rock under a hard caprock is eroded faster, drilling a **plunge pool**; the undercut lip collapses and the fall **retreats**, cutting a gorge.

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The river's **load scrapes along the channel**, wearing the bed and banks wider and deeper (sandpaper effect).

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V-shaped valley, gorge, interlocking spurs, rapids or potholes (any erosional feature).

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Where the river meets the sea/lake its **velocity falls**, it drops its load (heaviest first) and **flocculation** clumps the clay - sediment builds up faster than waves remove it.

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**Erosion** on the fast **outer bend** (river cliff); **deposition** on the slow **inner bend** (slip-off slope / point bar).

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Erosion narrows a meander neck until the river breaks through at a flood; deposition then seals off the old loop as a crescent lake.

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A **raised bank** of coarse sediment dropped first when a flood spills over the channel edge and slows.

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Differences in **drop height/velocity**, **geology** (rock resistance), **discharge** (basin size/climate) and **load** (abrasion).

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BOTH erosion AND deposition developed, a named river, a weighing of which dominates where/when, and a clear judgement.