Managing the environmental impacts of globalisation

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**Breaking the link between economic growth and environmental harm** — output rises while damage per unit falls (relative) or total damage falls (absolute).

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Designing products to be **reused, repaired, remanufactured and recycled** so materials flow in loops instead of becoming waste.

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**Environmental, social and governance** standards — how firms and investors measure and report responsible behaviour.

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A commitment to **balance the greenhouse gases emitted against the amount removed**, reaching zero net emissions by a target date.

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When **efficiency gains are cancelled out** because cheaper, cleaner products are simply used more.

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**Clean/efficient technology**, the **circular economy**, **international agreements**, and **corporate responsibility** (ESG, net-zero).

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The contested claim that **pollution first rises then falls** as a country gets richer and can afford to clean up.

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**Relative** = less damage per unit of output; **absolute** = total damage actually falls. Per-unit impact often falls while the total still rises.

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It may have **offshored** its dirty production — territorial emissions fall but the **consumption footprint** and global total do not.

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Presenting a firm or product as **environmentally responsible without real cuts** in impact — a limit of corporate pledges.

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An **ozone-protection treaty** phased out ozone-destroying chemicals with binding cuts and measurable recovery.

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FOR: **decoupling, clean tech, circular economy, the ozone treaty, ESG/net-zero**. AGAINST: **rising absolute consumption, rebound, offshoring, greenwashing, irreversibility**.