Environmental risks of global interactions

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Pollution made in **one country that crosses a border** and damages another's environment — e.g. acid rain, smog or polluted rivers.

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The **total greenhouse-gas emissions** caused by an activity, product or population, usually measured as tonnes of CO2 equivalent.

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The **distance food travels** from where it is grown to where it is eaten; long food miles usually mean higher transport emissions.

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The emissions **locked into making and shipping a product** before it is used — the carbon 'embedded' in a phone, a garment or a tonne of steel.

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Discarded **electronics** containing toxic metals; often exported to lower-income countries where unsafe recycling pollutes air, soil and water.

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The shift to **large-scale, mechanised, input-heavy farming** for global markets, which can clear forests and degrade soils.

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**Transboundary pollution**, the **carbon footprint of trade and transport**, and **agro-industrialisation / biodiversity loss**.

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Flying goods is the **most carbon-intensive transport mode per tonne carried** — many times worse than a container ship — so long air food miles add huge emissions.

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**Sea is lowest**, road is in the middle, and **air freight is by far the highest** — roughly tens of times more than shipping.

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Dirty industry, **e-waste** and export farming are pushed onto poorer, **less-regulated** countries with less money to cope, while richer consumers keep the benefit.

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**Localized** transboundary pollution near the source, and a diffuse **global** carbon footprint loaded onto the shared atmosphere.

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That the environmental costs outweigh the benefits **only to a significant but uneven extent** — heavy for the atmosphere and the global South, but against real benefits.