Cultural diversity, hybridity and identity

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The **variety of cultures** — languages, religions, ethnicities, foods and customs — found within a place or across the world.

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The **blending of two or more cultures into a new form** (hybrid food, music, language or fashion) that belongs fully to neither parent culture.

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A **population that has spread from its original homeland** and settled elsewhere while keeping ties to that homeland.

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When a **global product or brand is adapted to local tastes** — for example a worldwide chain selling a regional dish.

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The **visible imprint a culture leaves on a place** — places of worship, ethnic shops and restaurants, signage, festivals and street life.

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The **loss of difference** as places and cultures become more alike under the same global brands, languages and media.

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People can belong to **more than one culture at once** — for example a homeland and a host city — so they hold **multiple, overlapping identities**.

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It **adds cultural diversity**, **creates hybridity** (blended second-generation culture), and **modifies the cultural landscape** (places of worship, ethnic retail, signage).

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It varies with **migration and diaspora history**, **physical factors** (isolation, accessibility), **colonial history**, and **political/immigration policy** — global cities are most diverse.

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**Jobs and incomes** (tourism, trade), **cultural exchange** (wider food/music/film), and **creativity/hybridity** plus revived traditions.

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**Homogenisation** (places look alike), **language loss** (minority languages die out), and **eroded or commodified tradition**.

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That cultural losses outweigh economic gains only **partially and unevenly** — heaviest for small exposed cultures and minority languages, lightest for large diverse cities; gains are economic, losses cultural.