Resistance to global interactions

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Efforts by places, groups and governments to **slow, block or reverse** global flows of trade, people, money and ideas.

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Organised **opposition** to free trade, global institutions and the power of multinational firms.

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Putting your own nation's **interests, identity and control first**, often above international cooperation.

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Politics that pits **ordinary people against a distant 'elite'**, often blaming globalization for everyday hardship.

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Government policy that **shields home industries** from foreign competition, using tariffs, quotas and subsidies.

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A **tax on imported goods** that makes them dearer so home-made goods can compete.

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A deliberate **trade or financial restriction** used to punish or pressure another country.

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When a state keeps **strategic resources** (oil, gas, lithium) under national or state control rather than open to foreign firms.

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**Bringing production back** to the home country after years of offshoring it abroad, often with government subsidies.

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It is **strongest where globalization's costs are felt most** — deindustrialised regions, communities facing rapid change, and states protecting sovereignty.

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Flows **route around** barriers — trade diverts to third countries, sanctioned states find new partners, and digital flows are hard to block.

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Resistance is **reshaping, not reversing**, the global economy — it re-routes and re-shores flows, but globalization is too embedded to reverse.