What speeds up or slows global interactions
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Question
What is the shrinking world?
Answer
The sense that places feel **closer** because faster transport and communications cut the **time and cost** of crossing the distance between them.
Question
Define time-space convergence.
Answer
The **fall in travel time (and cost)** between two places as transport and communications technology improves.
Question
Does the Earth actually get smaller in the shrinking world?
Answer
No — its real size is unchanged. What shrinks is the **friction of distance**: the time, cost and effort of crossing it.
Question
Name the main transport technologies that shrank the world, in order.
Answer
Sail to **steamship** to **railway** to **jet airliner** (plus container shipping and high-speed rail).
Question
Name the main communications technologies that shrank the world, in order.
Answer
The postal letter to the **telegraph** to the **telephone** to the **internet** and **social media**.
Question
Why is the shrinking world uneven between people?
Answer
Because it depends on **access** to technology — the **digital divide** leaves poorer and remoter groups with a large, slow world.
Question
What is a multi-government organisation (MGO)?
Answer
A body of cooperating governments that sets **shared rules** to smooth flows of trade, money and people across borders.
Question
What is a free-trade zone or trade bloc?
Answer
An agreed area within which **tariffs and trade barriers are cut**, speeding the movement of goods and capital between members.
Question
What is an export-processing zone (EPZ)?
Answer
A special industrial area offering **tax breaks and relaxed rules** to attract investment and accelerate export flows.
Question
Name two forces that SPEED UP global interactions.
Answer
**MGOs** (shared rules) and **free-trade zones / EPZs** (cut tariffs, tax breaks) — both lower barriers to flows.
Question
Name two forces that SLOW global interactions.
Answer
**Physical geography** (mountains, deserts, distance, isolation) and **poor access to technology** (the digital divide).
Question
In one line, how do speeding and slowing forces interact?
Answer
Political and economic **structures decide how fast** flows move; **physical geography caps how far** they reach — so they interact rather than simply compete.
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Topic 4.3 hub
Human and physical influences on global interactions
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