Urban resilience, infrastructure and governance

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A city's ability to **absorb shocks and stresses** (floods, heat, decline, rapid growth) and keep functioning and recovering.

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The physical and service backbone of a city: **transport, water, sanitation, energy, waste, housing and digital networks**.

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**Who decides and how** a city is run — government, business, NGOs and residents planning, funding and running the city.

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Improving or extending existing systems — e.g. **retrofitting old pipes** or adding metro lines under a working city.

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Designing today's infrastructure to **cope with future climate and population pressures**.

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**Long-term concentrated poverty**, poor housing and weak services in parts of a city.

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Land is already in use (resettlement/sprawl), ageing systems, high cost, site limits and community/planning opposition.

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Rapid growth outpaces supply, so services break down — e.g. **Lagos**, where traffic, flooding and informal areas spread.

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Where you build transport decides where the city expands — **Curitiba** built BRT corridors first and steered dense growth along them.

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Building cities to cope with shocks: **flood defences, drainage, zoning off flood plains, green space and future-proofing**.

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Strengths: flood defences and green space cut damage and cool the city. Weaknesses: high cost; rapid growth and low incomes limit it.

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Both strengths AND weaknesses, a named city (Singapore, Barcelona), and a balanced, justified evaluation.