Urban social stresses and deprivation
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Question
Define urban social deprivation.
Answer
Concentrated lack of the things needed for a decent life — **secure work, income, housing, health, education and safety** — in part of a city.
Question
What are deprivation indicators?
Answer
Measures used to map deprivation: **unemployment, low income, poor health, overcrowding, low qualifications and high crime**.
Question
What is multiple deprivation?
Answer
Several deprivation problems occurring **together** in the same place, reinforcing one another.
Question
What is the cycle of deprivation?
Answer
A self-reinforcing loop: **few jobs -> low income -> poor housing/health -> few qualifications -> low skills + no investment -> still no jobs.**
Question
Why is deprivation 'clustered'?
Answer
It concentrates in particular neighbourhoods (old inner-city, social housing, informal settlements), not spread evenly — so cities show sharp rich/poor contrasts.
Question
Name one PHYSICAL factor locating low-income housing.
Answer
Steep slopes, marshy/flood-prone or contaminated land — cheap, hazardous land the poor are pushed onto (e.g. hillside favelas in Rio).
Question
Why is distance from the CBD NOT a physical factor?
Answer
It is an **economic** factor (land values fall with distance), so it scores nothing on an Outline asking for a **physical** site factor.
Question
Why is crime often high in deprived areas?
Answer
Few legitimate jobs, poor lighting and neglected space, and low policing/investment combine to raise offending.
Question
Low-income vs high-income city deprivation causes?
Answer
Low-income: rapid migration -> informal settlements (Mumbai, Lagos). High-income: deindustrialisation + planning (Detroit, Glasgow). Same underlying cycle.
Question
Who are the stakeholders in tackling deprivation?
Answer
Residents, local/national **government**, **police**, **businesses** and **community groups** — with very different power.
Question
What does a slum-clearance scheme risk?
Answer
It can renew housing but **displace** residents and destroy informal jobs/communities (e.g. evictions in Lagos) — a key essay tension.
Question
What does a top [10] Examine answer need?
Answer
Named cities as evidence, a balanced/weighed argument (causes across development levels, or stakeholder roles), accurate terms and a justified conclusion.
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Topic 13.3 hub
Urban environmental and social stresses
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