Urban environmental stresses

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The **damage city growth and living do to the local environment** - to air, climate, water, land and green space.

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A city being **warmer than the rural land around it**, especially at night.

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How much sunlight a surface **reflects**. Dark concrete and tarmac have **low albedo**, so they absorb and store heat.

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A city's own **local climate** - its temperature, wind and rainfall - changed by buildings, surfaces and activity.

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Low-albedo concrete absorbs and re-releases heat, tall buildings trap it, less vegetation cools it, and traffic/industry add **waste heat**.

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**Hard surfaces** (lower albedo -> hotter) and **emissions** (thicken the pollution dome and trap heat); also tall buildings + waste heat.

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**Economic** (high land value -> built over for profit) and **political** (weak planning protection) pressure as the city grows.

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Environmental: cleaner air / cooler microclimate. Social: fewer accidents, less noise, more walking and cycling.

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An **Ultra Low Emission Zone** charging dirty vehicles to enter; central roadside nitrogen-dioxide fell, though pollution shifted to some edges.

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Groups of blocks closed to through-traffic, turning road space into greenery - cuts emissions, noise and heat but displaces some traffic.

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Heavy smog from traffic, coal and industry; tackled by **coal-to-gas switching, factory relocation and traffic limits**.

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Two+ strategies developed with a **named city** + data, a weighing of how **successful** each is, and a clear **judgement**.