Deindustrialisation, gentrification and urban change
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Question
Define deindustrialisation.
Answer
The **decline of manufacturing industry** in a city — factory closures, lost jobs and derelict land.
Question
Define centrifugal movement.
Answer
People and activity moving **outwards** from the city centre — suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation.
Question
Define centripetal movement.
Answer
People and activity moving **back towards** the centre — re-urbanisation and gentrification.
Question
Define suburbanisation.
Answer
The outward spread of people and housing into the **edge of the city** (the suburbs).
Question
Define counter-urbanisation.
Answer
People leaving the city for **smaller towns and the countryside**.
Question
Define re-urbanisation.
Answer
People and investment **returning** to the inner city after a period of decline.
Question
Define gentrification.
Answer
Wealthier residents move into a run-down inner-city area, **renovating** housing and raising land values.
Question
Two reasons manufacturing declines in cities?
Answer
Cheaper labour/land abroad (globalisation) and **automation** (also cramped costly sites + the shift to a service economy).
Question
Why is Detroit a deindustrialisation example?
Answer
Its **car industry collapsed** through relocation and automation, leaving mass job loss and derelict buildings.
Question
Gentrification — winners and losers?
Answer
Winners: incoming wealthy residents, developers, the city. Losers: original low-income residents **priced out** by rising rents.
Question
Why are deindustrialisation's benefits 'uneven'?
Answer
Regeneration and service jobs help some areas/groups, but others face **displacement** or lasting decline where no investment follows.
Question
What does a top [10] urban-change essay need?
Answer
Both sides (gains vs costs), **named cities**, both directions of movement, and a **justified** 'uneven' judgement.
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Full study notes for Deindustrialisation, gentrification and urban change
Topic 13.2 hub
Changing urban systems
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Geography exam skills
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