The demographic dividend and population opportunities
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Question
Define the dependency ratio.
Answer
The number of **dependants** (under 15 and 65+) **per 100 working-age people**.
Question
Who counts as working-age?
Answer
People aged roughly **15-64** - the main workers and taxpayers.
Question
Who counts as a dependant?
Answer
People **under 15** or **65+**, who are mostly outside the main workforce.
Question
Define the demographic dividend.
Answer
The economic boost when the **working-age share is large** and **dependency is low**.
Question
Why does a low dependency ratio help the economy?
Answer
Each worker supports fewer dependants, so more income can be earned, taxed, saved and invested.
Question
Name two ways a demographic dividend boosts the economy.
Answer
A **bigger workforce + tax base**, and **more savings to invest** (also attracts investment).
Question
Why is the demographic dividend only a 'window'?
Answer
As the working-age bulge ages, the elderly share rises and the dependency ratio climbs again.
Question
Define a megacity.
Answer
An urban area with a population of over **10 million** people.
Question
Name two benefits an individual gains from a megacity.
Answer
More and better-paid **jobs**, and better **access to services** (hospitals, schools, universities).
Question
Data command terms: State vs Identify?
Answer
**State** = read the exact value off the chart; **Identify** = pick out the region/category described.
Question
How are marks split on a named-country 'Explain' [4]?
Answer
**2 marks per gain** - each needs development; a named country is expected for full marks.
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Topic 1.3 hub
Population challenges and opportunities
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