The big idea: Different cultures have believed very different things — about revenge, marriage, whose life counts. So which moral principles, if any, hold for everyone?
Universal
- Moral principles are the same for every person in every place
Relative
- Moral principles depend on the culture or situation you're in
- What's right 'here' can be genuinely different from what's right 'there'
This is the clash between moral relativism and universalism.
Free preview
This is the free notes preview
You're reading the free notes. Aimnova Pro unlocks the full study experience — and you can try it with your first topic free to keep:
- FlashcardsLock in vocabulary and key terms with spaced repetition.
- Practice questionsAnswer exam-style questions and get instant AI marking.
- Mock exams & past-paper vaultSit full mocks and see exactly how examiners award marks.
- Personalised study planA daily plan built around your exam date and weak areas.
Start Studying Free Full access to Aimnova Pro · cancel anytime
Relativism starts from a real observation and draws a generous-sounding lesson from it.
Why relativism attracts us
- Morality plainly varies: what one culture honours, another forbids.
- So the relativist concludes there's no single 'true' morality standing above them all — each is right for its own culture.
- And that feels tolerant: who are you to judge another people by your standards?
- It seems to fight arrogance and colonial 'we know best' thinking.
- That tolerance appeal is what makes relativism so attractive, especially today.
Checkpoint — relativism: In one line: relativism says right and wrong depend on your culture, and its big draw is tolerance. Hold that — now the problem hiding inside that very appeal.
Stop wasting time on topics you know
Our AI identifies your weak areas and focuses your study time where it matters. No more overstudying easy topics.
Try Smart Study FreeYour first topic is free to keep • No credit card required
The tolerance that makes relativism attractive is exactly where it breaks.
The 'can't condemn cruelty' problem: If each culture is truly right by its own standards, then a society that practised slavery, or persecuted a minority, was right for them — and you have no ground to call it wrong.
What strict relativism can't do
- It can't say cruelty is wrong.
- It can't call moral progress an improvement.
- It turns brave reformers into rule-breakers: the reformers inside a society (the abolitionists) would be the ones in the wrong, since they broke their culture's morality.
The backfire: The very tolerance that attracted us ends up protecting the intolerant.
The universalist reply: The universalist says some principles hold for everyone — that needless cruelty is wrong wherever it happens. This lets us say slavery was always wrong, and that abolition was real progress.
Universal, but not arrogant
- The universalist need not be arrogant: you can hold that torture is universally wrong and stay humble and curious about how other cultures live.
- Tolerance itself, they point out, only makes sense as a universal value — 'you should respect other cultures' is a rule for everyone.
Go further — higher-level insight: Spot the self-undermining move — it's the killer point. The relativist says 'you shouldn't impose your morality on other cultures.' But that 'shouldn't' is offered as a rule for everyone — which is exactly a universal moral claim. So relativism, stated as a value of tolerance, quietly assumes the universalism it denies. Naming that is a top-band objection.
Checkpoint — the trap: In one line: relativism's tolerance backfires — if every culture is right by its own lights, cruelty can't be condemned and reformers become the rule-breakers.