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NotesItalian BTopic 3.2Passato prossimo
Back to Italian B Topics
3.2.17 min read

Passato prossimo

IB Italian B • Unit 3

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Contents

  • What it is
  • The forms
  • When to use it
  • In action
  • Common errors
The everyday past tense: The passato prossimo is the tense Italians use for completed past actions — I ate, I went, I have done. It is a compound tense: you build it from two parts — the present of an auxiliary verb (avere to have or essere to be) plus the past participle of the main verb. Ho mangiato (I ate/have eaten), sono andato (I went/have gone). Master the two ingredients and you can put almost any verb into the past.
il passato prossimo
the compound past — for completed past actions (I ate, I went)
l'ausiliare (avere / essere)
the auxiliary — the present of avere or essere, the first ingredient
il participio passato
the past participle — the second ingredient (mangiato, andato, fatto)
-are → -ato
regular participle for -are verbs: parlare → parlato, mangiare → mangiato
-ere → -uto
regular participle for -ere verbs: vendere → venduto, credere → creduto
-ire → -ito
regular participle for -ire verbs: dormire → dormito, finire → finito
Why it carries the marks: The moment you narrate anything — a holiday, a weekend, a story — you need the passato prossimo, so it appears in almost every reading text, listening clip and written answer at SL. Choosing the right auxiliary and getting the participle right is core Criterion A (Language) accuracy — «ho andato» instead of «sono andato» is a mistake examiners spot at once.

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Two auxiliaries, one participle: First form the participle: -are → -ato, -ere → -uto, -ire → -ito (parlare → parlato, credere → creduto, dormire → dormito). Then choose the auxiliary. Most verbs take avere and the participle never changes: ho parlato, hai parlato, abbiamo parlato. Verbs of movement or change of state (andare, venire, partire, tornare, arrivare, uscire, entrare, nascere, morire, restare) and all reflexives take essere — and then the participle agrees with the subject like an adjective: -o / -a / -i / -e.
Personavere-verb: parlareessere-verb: andare (agrees)
ioho parlatosono andato / andata
tuhai parlatosei andato / andata
lui / leiha parlatoè andato / andata
noiabbiamo parlatosiamo andati / andate
voiavete parlatosiete andati / andate
lorohanno parlatosono andati / andate
Learn a few irregular participles: Some very common verbs have irregular participles you simply memorise: fare → fatto, dire → detto, leggere → letto, scrivere → scritto, prendere → preso, vedere → visto, aprire → aperto, essere → stato, rimanere → rimasto. And remember: with essere the participle ends in -o (a male «io/lui»), -a (a female), -i (a male/mixed plural), -e (an all-female plural) — «Maria è andata», «i ragazzi sono partiti».

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For finished, completed actions: Use the passato prossimo for a single, completed action in the past — something that happened and finished. It is the natural tense for telling what you did: yesterday, last week, this morning, once. Italian uses one tense here for both English I ate and I have eaten: «Ieri ho mangiato la pizza» means both. (For background, repeated or ongoing past states — I used to…, it was… — Italian uses the imperfetto instead: that is the next micro.)

Time expressions that signal the passato prossimo

  • ieri / l'altro ieri — yesterday / the day before yesterday: «Ieri ho studiato molto.»
  • la settimana scorsa / il mese scorso — last week / last month: «La settimana scorsa siamo partiti.»
  • stamattina / ieri sera — this morning / last night: «Stamattina ho fatto colazione presto.»
  • una volta / due giorni fa — once / two days ago: «Due giorni fa ho visto un bel film.»
  • già / non ancora / appena — already / not yet / just: «Ho già finito i compiti.»
Passato prossimo vs imperfetto: A quick rule of thumb: the passato prossimo tells you what happened (a completed event: «È squillato il telefono»), while the imperfetto tells you what was going on / how things were (background: «Dormivo quando è squillato il telefono»). If you can answer «what did you do?» with it, it's almost always the passato prossimo.
A holiday told in the past: Here is a short holiday account built one sentence at a time. Watch the two auxiliaries at work: avere-verbs keep the participle unchanged (ho comprato, abbiamo visitato, ho mangiato), while essere-verbs make it agree with the subject (sono partita, siamo andate, è tornata). Read it once for meaning, then tap Mostra traduzione for the English or the audio button to hear it.

IB-style task — il passato prossimo in azione

Una vacanza, frase per frase

  1. La settimana scorsa sono partita per Firenze con la mia famiglia.
  2. Il primo giorno abbiamo visitato la Galleria degli Uffizi e ho comprato una cartolina per mia nonna.
  3. A pranzo ho mangiato una bistecca alla fiorentina e poi abbiamo fatto una passeggiata lungo l'Arno.
  4. La sera io e mia sorella siamo andate a un concerto e ci siamo divertite tantissimo.
  5. Alla fine mia madre è tornata a casa contenta e ha detto che è stata una vacanza indimenticabile.
Steal this for your narration: This is your blueprint for any «racconta cosa hai fatto» task. Choose high-frequency verbs, decide avere or essere for each, and — only for the essere ones — make the participle agree. String them together with time words (prima, poi, dopo, alla fine) and you have a whole narrative in the past.

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The slips to watch for: Three mistakes dominate. 1. Using avere for an essere-verb («ho andato» instead of sono andato). 2. Forgetting the agreement after essere («Maria è andato» instead of è andata). 3. Wrongly making the participle agree with avere («Ho comprati i biglietti» — with avere the participle normally stays invariable: ho comprato). Compare the right version with the typical mistake and each fix becomes obvious.

Corretto

  • Ieri sono andato in centro.
  • Maria è tornata tardi.
  • Ho comprato tre biglietti.

Errore frequente

  • Ieri ho andato in centro.
  • Maria è tornato tardi.
  • Ho comprati tre biglietti.
Ask: avere or essere? and does it agree?: Before you write a passato prossimo, do two quick checks. 1. Is it a verb of movement/change of state (andare, venire, partire, tornare, uscire…) or a reflexive? If yes → essere; otherwise → avere. 2. If you chose essere, make the participle agree with the subject (-o/-a/-i/-e); if you chose avere, leave it -o and unchanged.

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Correggi l'errore di passato prossimo in queste frasi: «Ieri ho andato a scuola.» e «Le mie sorelle sono arrivato tardi.» Scrivi la versione corretta. [2 marks]

Related Italian B Topics

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3.1.1Present tense (regular verbs)
3.1.2Irregular present verbs
3.1.3Reflexive verbs
3.1.4Modal verbs
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