Topic 1.3 examines how environmental systems maintain equilibrium and respond to disturbance. Students study steady-state equilibrium, static and dynamic equilibrium, resilience, and tipping points — concepts that connect ecological theory to real-world examples of environmental change.
Exam link: This is a **positive (reinforcing) feedback loop** — more nutrients → more algae → less oxygen → more ecosystem damage → conditions that favour more algae.
ESS is assessed through Paper 1 (case study) and Paper 2 (short answer & structured questions). Concepts from this topic may appear in either paper, often combined with data analysis or real-world examples.
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Start studying freeTopic 1.3 Equilibrium, stability and resilience forms a core part of Unit 1: Foundations of ESS in IB ESS. Mastering these concepts will strengthen your understanding of connected topics across the syllabus and prepare you for exam questions that require analysis, evaluation, and real-world application.
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