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What is the main way protected areas increase forest cover?
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All Flashcards in Topic 3.4
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3.4.112 cards
What is the main way protected areas increase forest cover?
They reduce land conversion and allow forests to regenerate through succession.
Protection → regrowth.
Why are deforestation bans only effective with enforcement?
Without monitoring and penalties, illegal clearing continues despite the law, so forest loss does not decrease.
Rules must be enforced.
What is an in situ conservation strategy?
In situ conservation protects species in their natural habitat, maintaining ecological interactions and natural processes.
In habitat.
Why is enforcement a key word in deforestation questions?
Because a law without enforcement rarely changes behaviour or reduces illegal clearing.
Law alone is weak.
Name two in situ tools used to conserve biodiversity.
Protected areas (national parks/reserves) and habitat restoration (e.g., reforestation, wetland repair).
Tools list.
Name two features of effective enforcement.
Monitoring (rangers/satellites/inspections) and real penalties (fines, prosecutions, permit removal).
Monitor + punish.
Give one monitoring method used to enforce forest protection.
Satellite monitoring (also ranger patrols, inspections, remote sensing alerts).
How they catch it.
How does enforcement reduce deforestation over time?
It raises the cost/risk of illegal clearing, reducing land conversion and allowing regrowth through succession.
Risk/cost ↑.
How do protected areas increase forest cover over time?
By restricting land conversion/logging so secondary succession can rebuild forest cover naturally.
Restrict clearing → regrowth.
What is a common reason enforcement fails?
Insufficient funding/staff, corruption, or unclear boundaries/land rights leading to weak compliance.
Capacity + governance.
Why are wildlife corridors important in fragmented landscapes?
They connect habitats, allowing movement and gene flow between populations, reducing isolation and inbreeding.
Connectivity + gene flow.
Why can in situ conservation fail even if an area is “protected”?
If enforcement is weak, illegal logging/poaching and continued land pressure can continue inside the protected area.
Law ≠ enforcement.
3.4.29 cards
What is Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)?
A scheme where landowners are paid to protect or restore ecosystems because they provide valuable services (e.g., carbon storage, clean water).
Paid to conserve.
What is the “big idea” behind economic incentives for forest recovery?
People protect forests more when they can earn money by keeping forests standing rather than clearing them.
Value alive > value cleared.
How does PES reduce deforestation?
It makes conservation financially competitive with clearing land, so landowners keep forests standing.
Profit shifts.
Name one incentive-based strategy and one example.
PES: landowners paid to conserve forests (also ecotourism funding protected areas).
Strategy + example.
How can ecotourism support conservation?
Tourism income funds protection/enforcement and gives local communities jobs, making intact ecosystems more valuable than cleared land.
Nature earns money.
Why do incentives often work better when combined with laws?
Incentives encourage compliance, while laws prevent high-profit illegal clearing and set boundaries.
Carrot + stick.
What is one risk of ecotourism as a conservation strategy?
If unmanaged, tourism can damage habitats (waste, disturbance) or profits may not reach local communities.
Needs management.
How can certification labels reduce pressure on forests?
They reward sustainable production with market access/higher prices, encouraging land users to avoid deforestation.
Market incentive.
In one line, why can certification support forest conservation?
It shifts consumer demand toward sustainably produced goods, rewarding land users who avoid deforestation.
Demand signal.
Topic 3.4 study notes
Full notes & explanations for Conservation strategies
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