A 15-mark question asks you to weigh protection against free trade, then judge.
When protection can help
Short-run jobs
Spending switches to home goods: AD rises.
Infant industries that grow up
South Korea's car makers grew behind tariffs, then exported.
Against unfair trade
Anti-dumping duties stop below-cost imports.
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Over the long run, free trade usually does more for growth.
Protection
- Saves jobs in protected industries, at first.
- Gives new industries time to grow.
- Raises revenue for health and education in poorer countries.
Free trade
- Resources go where costs are lowest: faster long-run growth.
- No retaliation: exporters keep their markets.
- India kept high barriers until 1991; growth sped up after it opened.
The points to remember
- Judge with: short run v long run, which industry, richer or poorer country.
- Protection works best temporary and targeted.
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Paper 1 asked this in November 2025, as part (b) for 15 marks.
Using real-world examples, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of imposing trade protection on imported goods.
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How the 15 marks are given
| Marks | What your answer needs |
|---|---|
| 13–15 | Theory fully explained, terms right all the way through, balanced evaluation, real examples fully developed to support the argument |
| 10–12 | Theory explained, terms mostly right, evaluation mostly balanced, real examples developed |
| 7–9 | Theory partly explained, some evaluation but one-sided, examples partly developed |
| 4–6 | Theory only described, evaluation superficial, examples only named |
| 1–3 | Theory stated but not relevant, no evaluation |