Administrative barriers: rules and procedures that make importing harder or more expensive.
Standards and regulations
Product standards
Rules on safety and quality that imports must meet.
Health rules
The EU bans imports of beef from cattle given growth hormones.
Paperwork and checks
Licences, forms and slow customs checks add cost and delay.
The points to remember
- They are often for real reasons: health, safety, the environment.
- But they can be used as hidden protection: strict rules that foreign firms find hard to meet.
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Meeting the rules costs foreign firms money, so imports cost more: the effect is like a tariff.
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Remember it as: Like a tariff, but no revenue for the government: the extra cost is simply lost.
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A Paper 2 question in this shape could appear for 4 marks.
Text C says that the government has introduced stricter safety standards for imported toys.
Using an international trade diagram, explain how the standards are likely to affect domestic producers of toys.
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How the 4 marks are given
| Marks | What your answer needs |
|---|---|
| 3–4 | A correct diagram and a correct explanation |
| 1–2 | A correct diagram or a correct explanation, not both |
| 3 at most | A diagram with a wrong or missing label |