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IB Economics SL

Economics SL Exam Skills & Techniques

Master the IB Economics Standard Level exam. Learn paper structures, command terms, marking criteria, and how to score top marks with diagrams and real-world examples.

150 teaching hours • 2 external papers • 1 internal assessment (portfolio)

Start Practicing Economics

Economics SL Assessment at a Glance

30%
Paper 1
Extended Response • 1h 15m
40%
Paper 2
Data Response • 1h 45m
30%
Internal Assessment
Portfolio • 3 × 750 words

Economics SL Paper Structure

Know exactly what to expect in each paper and how to maximize your marks.

Paper 1

Extended Response
1 hour 15 minutes•25 marks•30% of final grade

Three sections, each based on a different part of the syllabus. Each section contains one question split into two parts: part (a) worth 10 marks and part (b) worth 15 marks. You answer ONE complete question.

What to expect:

Answer ONE question from a choice of three
No calculator allowed
Part (a): 10 marks — typically "Explain" using economic theory + diagrams
Part (b): 15 marks — "Discuss", "Evaluate", or "To what extent" requiring balanced analysis
Diagrams are expected in both parts — they earn dedicated marks

Key Tips

  • Read all three questions before choosing — pick the one where you can draw the best diagrams
  • Part (a): explain the theory clearly, include a fully labelled diagram, and apply to a real-world example
  • Part (b): write a balanced argument with at least 2 points for and 2 against, then a clear conclusion
  • Aim for 25 minutes on part (a) and 45 minutes on part (b), plus 5 minutes reading time

Easy Marks

  • Define key terms at the start of each answer — always worth marks
  • Draw accurate, fully labelled diagrams — each one can earn 2–4 marks
  • Use real-world examples to demonstrate application (AO2)
  • Include a clear conclusion in part (b) — this is where AO3 marks live

Watch Out

  • One-sided arguments in part (b) = limited marks. You MUST evaluate both sides.
  • Unlabelled or inaccurate diagrams lose marks — always label axes, curves, and shifts
  • Running out of time on part (b) because you spent too long on part (a)

Paper 2

Data Response
1 hour 45 minutes•40 marks•40% of final grade

Two questions based on different real-world economic data and articles. Each question contains structured sub-parts building from low-order to high-order thinking. You answer ONE question.

What to expect:

Answer ONE question from a choice of two
Calculator required — quantitative questions included
Questions build from "Define" (2 marks) → "Explain" (4 marks) → "Analyse/Evaluate" (15 marks)
Based on real-world economic data: charts, tables, articles, statistics
Final part is always a high-value extended response (15 marks)

Key Tips

  • Read the data carefully before starting — underline key stats and trends
  • Spend roughly 1 minute per mark (2-mark question = 2 minutes)
  • For the 15-mark question: intro (define + context), 3 arguments for, 3 against, evaluation/conclusion
  • Reference the data directly — "As shown in Figure 1, GDP growth of 3.2% indicates..."

Easy Marks

  • "Define" questions (2 marks) are free if you know your definitions
  • Calculation questions: show ALL working — method marks are available even if the answer is wrong
  • Short "Explain with diagram" questions: draw diagram + 2–3 sentences of explanation
  • Refer to the data source by name: "According to Figure 2..."

Watch Out

  • The 15-mark question requires evaluation — not just description. Include strengths, limitations, and a judgment.
  • Don't ignore the data — generic answers that don't use the provided information score low
  • Calculator errors: double-check percentage calculations and show your formula

Economics Command Terms

Command terms tell you exactly what the examiner expects. Filter by Assessment Objective (AO).

Define1 mark

Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase, concept or physical quantity.

Describe2–3 marks

Give a detailed account or picture of a situation, event, pattern or process.

Identify1 mark

Provide an answer from a number of possibilities.

List1–2 marks

Give a sequence of brief answers with no explanation.

Outline2 marks

Give a brief account or summary.

State1 mark

Give a specific name, value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation.

Analyse4–5 marks

Break down in order to bring out the essential elements or structure. Identify parts, relationships, and their functions in the context of the question.

Apply2–4 marks

Use knowledge and understanding in response to a given situation or real circumstances.

Calculate2–4 marks

Obtain a numerical answer showing the relevant stages of working.

Comment2–3 marks

Give a judgment based on a given statement or result of a calculation.

Construct2–4 marks

Display information in a diagrammatic or logical form.

Derive2–3 marks

Manipulate a mathematical relationship to give a new equation or relationship.

Determine2–4 marks

Obtain the only possible answer using given information or data.

Distinguish2–3 marks

Make clear the differences between two or more concepts or items.

Draw2–4 marks

Represent by means of a labelled, accurate diagram or graph.

Explain3–5 marks

Give a detailed account including reasons or causes. Use economic theory and, where relevant, diagrams.

Label1–2 marks

Add title, labels or brief annotations to a diagram or graph.

Plot1–2 marks

Mark a position on a graph by using data given.

Show2–4 marks

Give the steps in a calculation, derivation, or a sequence of logical reasoning.

Show that2–4 marks

Use given information to arrive at a particular conclusion via appropriate working.

Sketch2–3 marks

Represent by means of a diagram or graph (with labelled but not necessarily accurate axes).

Suggest2–3 marks

Propose a solution, hypothesis or other possible answer.

Compare4–5 marks

Give an account of the similarities between two or more items or situations, referring to both throughout.

Compare and contrast5–6 marks

Give an account of the similarities AND differences between two or more items, referring to both throughout.

Discuss8–15 marks

Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by evidence.

Evaluate8–15 marks

Make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations. Include an informed judgment.

Examine5–8 marks

Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue.

Justify4–5 marks

Give valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion.

Recommend8–15 marks

Present an advisable course of action with appropriate reasons.

To what extent8–15 marks

Consider the merits or otherwise of an argument or concept. Opinions and conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by evidence and sound argument.

Calculate (AO4)2–5 marks

Obtain a numerical answer, showing the relevant stages in the working. Demonstrate appropriate use of economic skills.

Draw (AO4)2–4 marks

Represent by means of an accurately labelled diagram or graph, using appropriate economic conventions.

What Examiners Expect

Match your answer depth to the marks available.

1–2 marksBrief, factual answers

Example questions:

  • "Define demand"
  • "State one determinant of supply"
  • "List two types of market failure"

One clear point per mark. No diagrams or analysis needed.

3–4 marksExplained answers with diagram or application

Example questions:

  • "Explain the law of demand with a diagram"
  • "Outline how a subsidy affects market equilibrium"

Include a labelled diagram and refer to it in your explanation. Apply to a specific context.

5–8 marksAnalysis with theory, diagrams, and application

Example questions:

  • "Analyse the effects of a price ceiling on a housing market"
  • "Explain the impact of expansionary fiscal policy on AD using a diagram"

Show cause-and-effect chains using diagrams. Apply to the specific context and consider multiple effects.

10–15 marksBalanced evaluation with a reasoned judgment

Example questions:

  • "Evaluate the use of tariffs to protect domestic industries"
  • "Discuss whether supply-side policies are the best approach to reduce unemployment"
  • "To what extent does economic growth lead to economic development?"

Present both sides using theory + diagrams. Consider stakeholders, short-term vs long-term, and real-world limits. End with a clear, justified conclusion.

Economics-Specific Skills

These concepts appear throughout Economics exams. Master them to score higher.

Diagrams Are Essential

Economics exams reward accurate, fully labelled diagrams. Supply/demand, AD/AS, cost curves, tariff diagrams — each one can earn 2–4 marks. Always draw them even if not explicitly asked.

Real-World Examples

Apply theory to real economies — name countries, policies, events. "Venezuela's hyperinflation" is stronger than "a country experiencing inflation".

Nine Key Concepts

Link answers to scarcity, choice, efficiency, equity, economic well-being, sustainability, change, interdependence, and intervention. Examiners specifically look for this.

Quantitative Skills (HL)

Master calculations: PED, YED, XED, multiplier, Gini coefficient, terms of trade. Always show your working AND interpret the result.

Common Economics Mistakes to Avoid

Learn from others' mistakes. These cost students marks every exam session.

Drawing diagrams without labels

Label EVERY axis, curve, equilibrium point, and shift. Write a title. Refer to the diagram in your text.

One-sided arguments in Evaluate/Discuss questions

Present arguments FOR and AGAINST, then give a reasoned conclusion with a judgment.

Theoretical answers with no real-world application

Name specific countries, companies, or policies. "The EU carbon tax" is better than "a tax on pollution".

Calculating without interpreting

After every calculation, write what it means: "A PED of 0.3 means demand is price inelastic, so a tax will not significantly reduce quantity demanded."

Ignoring the data in Paper 2/3

Quote specific figures from the text and data: "GDP growth fell from 4.2% to 1.1% (Figure 1), indicating..."

Not linking diagrams to written analysis

Refer to your diagram explicitly: "As shown in Figure 1, the shift from AD₁ to AD₂ leads to..."

Running out of time on the 15-mark question

Use the 1-minute-per-mark rule. Start the 15-mark question with at least 15–18 minutes left.

Economics Portfolio

30% of final grade • 2,250 words maximum (3 × 750 words)

A portfolio of three commentaries based on different published media articles. Each commentary must use a different section of the syllabus (Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, The Global Economy) and apply economic theory with diagrams.

Marking Criteria

Diagrams3 marks
Terminology2 marks
Application & analysis3 marks
Key concept3 marks
Evaluation3 marks

Tips for Top Marks

  • Choose articles with clear economic content — avoid vague opinion pieces
  • Each commentary must cover a DIFFERENT syllabus section (Micro, Macro, Global)
  • Include at least one well-labelled diagram per commentary — this earns dedicated marks
  • Apply economic theory to the specific situation in the article, don't just describe
  • Link to one of the nine key economics concepts (scarcity, choice, efficiency, equity, etc.)
  • Evaluate the policy or economic situation — don't just explain it
  • Stay within the 750-word limit per commentary — be concise and focused

Ready to Practice?

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