Successive ionization energies (HL)

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The energy to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of **gaseous +1 ions**: X⁺(g) → X²⁺(g) + e⁻.

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The electron leaves an **increasingly positive ion** — the same protons pull on **fewer electrons**, so each remaining electron is held more strongly.

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The next electron is removed from a **new, inner main energy level (shell)** that is closer to the nucleus and less shielded — evidence for **electron shells**.

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A change of **sub-shell** (e.g. p → s) within the same main shell — finer evidence for **sub-shells**.

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Count the electrons removed **before the first big jump** — that equals the number of **outer electrons = the group** (for a main-group element).

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**Group 1** — one easily-removed outer electron, then the big jump into the inner shell.

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**Group 13** — three outer electrons leave before the inner shell is reached.

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Because the values span a **huge range** (hundreds to hundreds of thousands of kJ mol⁻¹); **log₁₀(IE)** fits them all on one axis as steps.

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The number of **outer electrons**, and so the **group** of a main-group element.

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Between the **1st and 2nd** (1 → 8) and between the **10th and 11th** (8 → 2) — the two jumps reveal three shells.

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The **position** — after how many electrons the jump falls. The electrons removed before it are the outer electrons.

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The **gaseous** atoms / ions — each step is X^{n+}(g) → X^{(n+1)+}(g) + e⁻.