Topic 8.2 examines urbanisation, the growth of cities, and the environmental challenges associated with urban living. Students study urban metabolism, green infrastructure, sustainable transport, and planning strategies that reduce the ecological footprint of cities.
Key Idea: Urbanisation is driven by push–pull factors and creates both risks and opportunities. Sustainability depends on planning.
Evaluation structure: define → compare 2–3 strategies → judge using 3 Es → conclude with a justified recommendation.
ESS is assessed through Paper 1 (case study) and Paper 2 (short answer & structured questions). Concepts from this topic may appear in either paper, often combined with data analysis or real-world examples.
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Start studying freeTopic 8.2 Urban systems and urban planning forms a core part of Unit 8: Human Population and Urban Systems in IB ESS. Mastering these concepts will strengthen your understanding of connected topics across the syllabus and prepare you for exam questions that require analysis, evaluation, and real-world application.
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