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NotesESS HLTopic 2.7
Unit 2 · Ecology · Topic 2.7

IB ESS HL — Biogeochemical cycles

At Higher Level, Topic 2.7 requires detailed quantitative analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fluxes, including human perturbation of cycle rates. HL students study additional transformations in each cycle and evaluate the broader consequences of disrupted biogeochemical processes.

2.7 FlashcardsExam technique guidePractice questions

Key concepts in Biogeochemical cycles

Key Idea: Topic 2.7 explains the difference between energy flow and matter cycling, how matter moves through ecosystems via stores and flows, and how human activities disrupt carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles.

🔁 Energy vs matter

↔️ Transfers and transformations

🪣 Stores, sinks, and sources

🌿 Carbon cycle

♻️ Nitrogen cycle

💧 Hydrological cycle

What you'll learn in Topic 2.7

  • 2.7.1 Hydrological cycle
  • 2.7.2 Nitrogen cycle
  • 2.7.3 The Nitrogen Cycle (HL only)
  • 2.7.4 Human Impacts on the Nitrogen Cycle (HL only)
  • 2.7.5 The carbon cycle
  • 2.7.6 Carbon Stores in the Lithosphere (HL only)

Exam relevance

At Higher Level, ESS includes an extended essay component and deeper analytical questioning. Expect longer data-response questions and more complex case study scenarios in both Paper 1 and Paper 2.

Suggested study order: Read the notes for each sub-topic below → test yourself with flashcards → attempt practice questions → review exam technique.

Study resources — 2.7 Biogeochemical cycles

2.7.1

Hydrological cycle

Notes
2.7.2

Nitrogen cycle

Notes
2.7.3

The Nitrogen Cycle (HL only)

Notes
2.7.4

Human Impacts on the Nitrogen Cycle (HL only)

Notes
2.7.5

The carbon cycle

NotesFlashcards
2.7.6

Carbon Stores in the Lithosphere (HL only)

Notes

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Topic 2.7 Biogeochemical cycles forms a core part of Unit 2: Ecology in IB ESS HL. Mastering these concepts will strengthen your understanding of connected topics across the syllabus and prepare you for exam questions that require analysis, evaluation, and real-world application.

Frequently asked questions

What does Topic 2.7 Biogeochemical cycles cover in IB ESS?
Topic 2.7 covers biogeochemical cycles as part of the IB ESS syllabus. Students learn key concepts, definitions, and real-world examples that are tested in Paper 1 and Paper 2 exams.
How should I revise Biogeochemical cycles for IB ESS exams?
Start by reading the micro-topic notes to understand each concept, then use flashcards to memorise key terms. Practise exam-style questions to apply your knowledge under timed conditions and review the marking criteria.
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