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NotesESS HLTopic 1.2
Unit 1 · Foundations of ESS · Topic 1.2

IB ESS HL — Models, Systems and Loops

The HL treatment of Topic 1.2 extends modelling skills with more complex system diagrams and quantitative analysis of feedback mechanisms. Students must evaluate the predictive power and limitations of environmental models with greater analytical depth than at Standard Level.

1.2 FlashcardsExam technique guidePractice questions

Key concepts in Models, Systems and Loops

Systems & Models — Complete Summary








IB full-mark checklist: name the **boundary**, identify **storages**, describe **inflows/outflows**, state **open/closed**, and say whether the system is in **dynamic equilibrium** or changing.

What you'll learn in Topic 1.2

  • 1.2.1 Models
  • 1.2.2 Systems
  • 1.2.3 Open and Closed Systems
  • 1.2.4 Storages and flows

Exam relevance

At Higher Level, ESS includes an extended essay component and deeper analytical questioning. Expect longer data-response questions and more complex case study scenarios in both Paper 1 and Paper 2.

Suggested study order: Read the notes for each sub-topic below → test yourself with flashcards → attempt practice questions → review exam technique.

Study resources — 1.2 Models, Systems and Loops

1.2.1

Models

NotesFlashcards
1.2.2

Systems

NotesFlashcards
1.2.3

Open and Closed Systems

NotesFlashcards
1.2.4

Storages and flows

NotesFlashcards

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Topic 1.2 Models, Systems and Loops forms a core part of Unit 1: Foundations of ESS in IB ESS HL. Mastering these concepts will strengthen your understanding of connected topics across the syllabus and prepare you for exam questions that require analysis, evaluation, and real-world application.

Frequently asked questions

What does Topic 1.2 Models, Systems and Loops cover in IB ESS?
Topic 1.2 covers models, systems and loops as part of the IB ESS syllabus. Students learn key concepts, definitions, and real-world examples that are tested in Paper 1 and Paper 2 exams.
How should I revise Models, Systems and Loops for IB ESS exams?
Start by reading the micro-topic notes to understand each concept, then use flashcards to memorise key terms. Practise exam-style questions to apply your knowledge under timed conditions and review the marking criteria.
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1.1 Environmental systems
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1.3 Equilibrium, stability and resilience
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