Judaism, Christianity, Islam

The agreement Jews hold God made with Abraham, with Moses and with the Jewish people — the Jewish expression of monotheism, and the source of the mitzvot.

The five books of Moses, held to be revealed. The oral Torah is teaching Jews hold was given to Moses but not written down, later set out in the Mishnah and the Talmud.

The bad and good inclinations. Jews hold that free will is a constant choice between them; the bad inclination is to be directed, not destroyed.

Because Jews hold that human beings are created in God's image with free will, and remain able to choose throughout life.

Repentance — literally, turning. Rabbinic teaching adds that a wrong done to another person must be put right with that person; God does not forgive it on their behalf.

That Judaism emphasizes observance in this life rather than elaborating on the hereafter, while still expecting a Messianic Age in this world and Olam Ha-Ba, the world to come.

Repair of the universe — the thought that human action is part of how the world is put right.

Being the House of Israel or Chosen People; obeying all the mitzvot of the covenant revealed in the Torah; living according to the Shema.

"Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one" — recited morning and evening. Its words are placed in the mezuzah on the doorpost and in tefillin.

Orthodox and Ultra-Orthodox: all mitzvot bind. Conservative: halakhah binds but develops. Reform and Liberal: the ethical mitzvot bind, ritual ones may be modified or set aside.

As chosen for responsibility — to keep the covenant — rather than as a claim to superiority. It is also why Judaism does not seek converts.

The three-fold nature of God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit — described by Christians as a Christian expression of monotheism.

The Christian claim that Jesus is God incarnate — God become human.

A separation from God that human beings are born into, expressed through the story of Adam and Eve and the Fall. Christians hold that God provided a means of salvation through Jesus Christ.

Heaven (eternal union with God), purgatory (a staging post — Roman Catholic teaching, rejected by most Protestant churches), and hell (separation from God).

God's love for humanity and the means to salvation — salvation is held to be God's act, not a human achievement.

Jesus Christ as redeemer through his death on the cross.

Reconciliation between God and humanity through Christ.

Catholic and Orthodox churches describe a sacrament as the actual presence of God working through the sign and count seven. Most Protestant churches describe it as an outward sign of a blessing given by God and keep two.

Believing in God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit; believing in Jesus Christ as Saviour; living by the teachings of Jesus; participating in the sacraments, as appropriate to the denomination.

Judaism holds free will is a standing choice between two inclinations, with no inherited separation from God. Christianity holds the separation is real and inherited, and closed from God's side through Christ.

Because the hope is tied to Christ's own rising from the dead; the creeds say "the resurrection of the body", and the wording is deliberate.

Islam means submission to the will of God; a muslim is one who submits.

The oneness of God — the Islamic expression of monotheism. Its opposite is shirk, associating anything with God, which Muslim teaching treats as the gravest error.

As messenger, not author. Muslims hold the Qur'an to be the literal speech of God, revealed in Arabic.

That humans must strive to submit to God's will, because without divine guidance they are likely to stray from the path of prescribed and prohibited actions God has set out.

Struggle — primarily the moral struggle to live as God directs. Muslim scholars distinguish it from the legal doctrine governing armed conflict, which is hedged with conditions. "Holy war" is not a defensible translation.

Janna, paradise, for the faithful through obedience to God's will; jahannam, hell, through disobedience.

The scriptures, angels, jinns, and akhira — life after death.

Shahadah (testimony of faith), salat (ritual prayer), zakat (almsgiving), sawm (the Ramadan fast), hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).

The practice of the Prophet Muhammad, together with the Hadith — his divinely inspired sayings. With the Qur'an it is the basis of Islamic teaching and law.

Sunni authority rests with the Qur'an, the Sunna and the consensus of the ulama, with four main schools of law; Shi'a authority also rests with the imams, held to be divinely guided, with the Ja'fari school and additional Hadith collections.

Because of tawhid, the oneness of God: representing God, or associating anything with God, is avoided. The Prophet Muhammad is not depicted.

Intention — required for an act of worship to count.