Ending the trade: decline of the slave trades and the anti-slavery Acts

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Industrialisation and economic change, the abolitionist movement, and the rise of legitimate commerce (e.g. palm oil).

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An evangelical Christian MP who led decades of parliamentary campaigning in Britain against the slave trade.

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Founded in 1787, it organised petitions, meetings and pamphlets that shifted British public opinion against the slave trade.

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Trade in goods such as palm oil, cocoa and groundnuts that replaced the slave trade as a source of income for African merchants.

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Humanitarian pressure from missionaries, colonial expansion closing the markets, and the decline of slavery in the Ottoman Empire.

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An explorer-missionary who publicised the brutality of the East African slave trade in Britain through writings and lectures in the 1860s-70s, building humanitarian pressure.

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Under British pressure on Sultan Barghash, the major East African slave market at Zanzibar was closed.

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Made it illegal for British ships to carry enslaved people and led the Royal Navy to patrol West African waters to intercept slave ships; it did not free existing enslaved people.

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Abolished slavery across most of the British Empire, though freed people were forced into 'apprenticeships' for several more years and enslavers (not the enslaved) were compensated.

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Part of the Berlin Conference, where European powers committed to suppressing the African slave trade - used partly to justify colonial conquest of Africa.

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The Atlantic trade was largely suppressed by the 1830s-40s from internal British economic and moral change; the East African trade persisted into the 1890s, ended mainly by external colonial force.

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It only banned the trade (transporting people), it did not free those already enslaved - that came with the 1833 Act, and even then via a delayed 'apprenticeship' system.