From One-Party Rule to Multi-Party Democracy: Ghana and Kenya to 2005
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All 12 Flashcards — From One-Party Rule to Multi-Party Democracy: Ghana and Kenya to 2005
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Question
What is a one-party state?
Answer
A country where the law (or practice) allows only one political party to exist and compete for power.
Question
Which party did Kwame Nkrumah lead, and when did Ghana become a one-party state?
Answer
The Convention People's Party (CPP); Ghana became a formal one-party state in 1964.
Question
Which party did Kenyatta and then Moi lead in Kenya, and when did Kenya become a one-party state by law?
Answer
Kenya African National Union (KANU); Kenya became a one-party state by law in 1982 under Moi.
Question
Give three reasons leaders gave for establishing one-party states.
Answer
Personal ambition, the perceived 'failure' of Western-style multi-party democracy, and the need for unity/effective government.
Question
What ended Nkrumah's rule in Ghana in 1966?
Answer
A military coup, driven by growing repression, economic crisis (falling cocoa prices), and discontent with prestige projects.
Question
Who seized power in Ghana in 1981 and later led its transition to multi-party civilian rule?
Answer
Jerry Rawlings — ruled as a military leader from 1981, then won civilian elections in 1992 and 1996 after legalising parties.
Question
What external event around 1989-91 pressured African one-party states to liberalise?
Answer
The end of the Cold War — Western donors no longer needed to tolerate authoritarian allies and made aid conditional on multi-party reform.
Question
Why did Moi's KANU keep winning Kenyan elections in 1992 and 1997?
Answer
The opposition vote was split among several rival candidates, allowing KANU to win with only a minority of overall support.
Question
What happened in Kenya's 2002 election?
Answer
A united opposition under Mwai Kibaki decisively defeated KANU's chosen successor — the first real transfer of power in Kenya's history.
Question
What happened in Ghana's 2000 election?
Answer
Rawlings respected constitutional term limits and stepped down; opposition candidate John Kufuor won, marking a peaceful transfer of power.
Question
According to the syllabus, what factors combine to explain economic growth in Africa to 2005?
Answer
Political stability, multi-partyism, strong leadership, infrastructural development, investment, and economic reforms — together, not any single factor alone.
Question
Compare Ghana's and Kenya's transitions to multi-party democracy.
Answer
Ghana: leader-driven, ended in a peaceful handover (Rawlings to Kufuor, 2000). Kenya: donor-driven, delayed by a split opposition until Kibaki's win in 2002.
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Topic 21.18 hub
Post-independence politics in Africa to 2005
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