British East and Central Africa: Kenya, Tanganyika and the Federation

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Fertile central highlands legally reserved for European settlers only; Africans could not own land there.

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From 1915, an identity pass every African man over 16 had to carry, recording employment history, used to force people into settler labour.

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Commissioner of Kenya (1900–1904) who opened the highlands to European settlement, setting the land pattern that lasted until 1963.

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1944 — first African member of LegCo, but only nominated (not elected) and just one seat, showing how limited African political voice remained.

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A 1905–1907 uprising against German rule in Tanganyika; crushed with scorched-earth tactics, causing up to 300,000 deaths from fighting and famine.

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Germany was defeated in WWI and lost its colonies; Britain took over Tanganyika under a Mandate obliging it to prepare the territory for self-government.

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A large, costly British agricultural project in Tanganyika to grow groundnuts for cooking oil; it failed due to poor planning and unsuitable soil.

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Kenya: severe, due to the White Highlands and settler demand. Tanganyika: much less severe, since its climate attracted far fewer European settlers.

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A union of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland pushed by Southern Rhodesian settlers, opposed by Africans in all three territories, and dissolved after the Monckton Report.

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That territories should be allowed to secede from the Central African Federation, following unrest including the 1959 Nyasaland State of Emergency.

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Southern Rhodesia's white-minority government broke from Britain without permission rather than accept a path to majority rule; triggered sanctions and war before Zimbabwean independence in 1980.

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Widespread unrest and the Monckton Report's recommendations led Britain to let both territories secede; the Federation was dissolved in 1963, becoming independent Malawi and Zambia in 1964.