Gold, Federation and War: Building Australian and New Zealand Nationhood (1851-1919)
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Flip to reveal answersWhere and when was gold first discovered in significant quantities in Australia?
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All 12 Flashcards — Gold, Federation and War: Building Australian and New Zealand Nationhood (1851-1919)
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Question
Where and when was gold first discovered in significant quantities in Australia?
Answer
Near Bathurst, New South Wales, in 1851 (Edward Hargraves), followed by much larger finds in Victoria (Ballarat, Bendigo) later that year.
Question
What was the Eureka Stockade (1854)?
Answer
A rebellion by gold miners at Ballarat against expensive mining licences and unfair police treatment; crushed by troops but became a lasting symbol of Australian democratic spirit.
Question
What was the Australian Labor Party and why was it founded in 1891?
Answer
A political party founded by unionists after major strikes (Maritime Strike 1890, Shearers' Strikes 1891/94) were defeated, deciding that winning parliamentary seats was the way to protect workers' rights.
Question
Who is called the "Father of Federation" and why?
Answer
Sir Henry Parkes, premier of New South Wales, for his 1889 Tenterfield Oration calling for the Australian colonies to unite.
Question
What happened on 1 January 1901?
Answer
The Commonwealth of Australia was formed, uniting six former colonies (NSW, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania) into one federal nation.
Question
Compare Australia's and New Zealand's paths to dominion status.
Answer
Australia gained dominion status through federation of six colonies in 1901; New Zealand, already self-governing since 1852 and choosing not to join Australia's federation, was formally declared a dominion in 1907.
Question
What does 'dominion status' mean, and what did it NOT include?
Answer
Self-government over domestic affairs within the British Empire; it did NOT include full independent control of foreign policy or defence, or removal of the British monarch as head of state.
Question
What were the ANZACs and what happened at Gallipoli (1915)?
Answer
The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps; landed at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 in a British-led campaign against the Ottoman Empire, faced months of stalemate, and evacuated by early 1916 having failed their objective, with heavy casualties.
Question
Why is Gallipoli still commemorated today despite being a military failure?
Answer
It became a founding legend of Australian and New Zealand national identity, associated with courage and mateship, commemorated annually on Anzac Day (25 April).
Question
What was the Australian conscription crisis of 1916-1917?
Answer
Prime Minister Billy Hughes held two referendums to introduce conscription for overseas WWI service; both were narrowly defeated, revealing deep class and religious divisions in Australian society.
Question
How did Australia and New Zealand's international status change by 1919?
Answer
Both attended the Paris Peace Conference as separate delegations (not merged with Britain's) and received League of Nations mandates over former German Pacific colonies, signalling growing international recognition.
Question
How did Britain govern Fiji differently from how it governed Australia and New Zealand?
Answer
Fiji became a Crown Colony in 1874 and was ruled mainly through indirect rule via existing local chiefs, with far fewer European settlers than in Australia/New Zealand, though Indian indentured labourers were brought in for plantations.
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Topic 20.8 hub
British colonialism and emerging national identities in Oceania (1788-1919)
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