After the Revolt: Crown Rule, Afghanistan and the Fall of Burma

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Ended East India Company rule; India became a Crown colony ruled through a Viceroy and a Secretary of State for India in London.

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1905 — Curzon split Bengal into Hindu-majority west and Muslim-majority east; sparked mass protest (swadeshi) and Congress growth; reversed in 1911.

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Founded 1885; educated, moderate reformers who initially sought more Indian representation, not independence.

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Founded 1906 in Dhaka; represented Muslim political interests, partly out of fear of Hindu-majority domination.

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Indian Councils Act 1909; expanded council membership and introduced separate electorates for Muslims, deepening religious political division.

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India's huge troop and financial contribution raised expectations of reward that were not fully met, fuelling later unrest.

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The long rivalry between Britain and Russia for influence in Central Asia, centred on control of Afghanistan as a buffer for India.

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Amir of Afghanistan (1880–1901) who let Britain control Afghan foreign policy in exchange for subsidies, while keeping full control of internal government — avoided occupation.

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Short conflict after which Afghanistan won full control of its own foreign policy — complete independence recognised.

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Mindon (1853–1878) pursued cautious modernisation to preserve independence; Thibaw (1878–1885) was Burma's last king, deposed after the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885).

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British interest in teak and resources, fear of French rivalry after Thibaw's trade dealings with France, and frontier disputes.

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Became early leaders of resistance and nationalism after the monarchy — the traditional protector of Buddhism — was destroyed by British annexation.