Dutch and French colonialism in South-East Asia: the Indies and Indo-China
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Flip to reveal answersWhat was the VOC and what happened to it in 1799?
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All 12 Flashcards — Dutch and French colonialism in South-East Asia: the Indies and Indo-China
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Question
What was the VOC and what happened to it in 1799?
Answer
The Dutch East India Company, which ruled parts of the Indies through trade monopolies; it collapsed under debt and corruption in 1799, and the Dutch state took over its territories.
Question
Define the Culture System (Cultivation System).
Answer
A policy from 1830 forcing Indonesian villages to devote land or labour to growing export crops (sugar, coffee, indigo) for the Dutch instead of food for themselves.
Question
What was Liberal Policy (from 1870) in the Dutch East Indies?
Answer
A shift from state-run forced cultivation to private Dutch and European companies leasing land and hiring labour directly — exploitation continued under a new form.
Question
What three things did the Ethical Policy (1901) focus on?
Answer
Irrigation, Education, and Migration (transmigratie) — remember it as I-E-M.
Question
Who was Multatuli and why does he matter?
Answer
Pen name of Eduard Douwes Dekker, whose 1860 novel Max Havelaar exposed abuses of the Culture System and shifted Dutch public opinion toward reform.
Question
What was the unintended effect of the Ethical Policy's education reforms?
Answer
A small Western-educated Indonesian elite emerged who used new political ideas to question and organise against Dutch colonial rule.
Question
What was Cochinchina?
Answer
Southern Vietnam, seized by France by 1867 and ruled as a direct colony (not a protectorate).
Question
What is the difference between Annam/Tonkin and Cochinchina under French rule?
Answer
Annam and Tonkin (central/north Vietnam) became protectorates in 1883 with the Vietnamese emperor kept as a figurehead; Cochinchina was ruled directly by French officials.
Question
When was French Indo-China formed, and from what regions?
Answer
1887 — a union of Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin and Cambodia, governed from Hanoi; Laos was added later in 1893.
Question
How did France extract revenue from Indo-China?
Answer
Through state monopolies on salt, alcohol and opium, plus forced labour used to build roads and railways.
Question
What common pattern links Dutch and French colonial rule in South-East Asia before 1914?
Answer
Economic exploitation (forced crops or monopolies/taxes) plus cultural disruption created grievances that, combined with a small educated or organised elite, laid the groundwork for nationalism.
Question
What does the command term 'examine' require in a Paper 3 essay?
Answer
A structured investigation of reasons or factors, supported by precise evidence, that reaches a supported judgement — not just narrative description.
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Topic 20.5 hub
Colonialism and the development of nationalism in South-East Asia (c1750–1914)
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