Nation-building at home: society, immigration and government policies in Australia and New Zealand, 1945–2005
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All 12 Flashcards — Nation-building at home: society, immigration and government policies in Australia and New Zealand, 1945–2005
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Question
What is second-wave feminism?
Answer
The 1960s–70s movement campaigning for legal and social equality for women (equal pay, education, careers), following the earlier fight for the vote.
Question
What was the White Australia Policy and when did it end?
Answer
Laws from 1901 restricting non-European immigration to Australia; gradually relaxed from 1966 and formally ended in 1973 under Whitlam.
Question
Who launched Australia's post-war immigration drive and with what slogan?
Answer
Immigration Minister Arthur Calwell, from 1945, under the slogan 'populate or perish'.
Question
What were the Dawn Raids?
Answer
1974–1976 New Zealand police raids on the homes of visa overstayers that disproportionately targeted Pacific Islanders, despite most overstayers being British/European.
Question
What major reforms did Gough Whitlam introduce (1972–1975)?
Answer
Ended the White Australia Policy, introduced free university education and Medibank (universal health insurance), and recognised Communist China.
Question
What is 'Rogernomics' and who introduced it?
Answer
The nickname for David Lange's New Zealand government's 1984 economic deregulation programme — floating the dollar, cutting subsidies and tariffs.
Question
What was significant about New Zealand under David Lange in 1987?
Answer
The Nuclear Free Zone Act (1987) made New Zealand nuclear-free, badly damaging relations with the USA under the ANZUS alliance.
Question
Compare Robert Menzies and Keith Holyoake's leadership styles.
Answer
Both led long, stable, conservative governments (Menzies in Australia 1949–1966; Holyoake in NZ 1957/1960–1972) focused on steady growth and caution on social reform.
Question
What caused deep division in New Zealand in 1981 under Robert Muldoon?
Answer
Muldoon authorised the Springbok rugby tour despite South African apartheid, splitting public opinion and sparking major protests.
Question
What did Jim Bolger's government (1990–1997) oversee in New Zealand?
Answer
Continued economic reform, progress on Treaty of Waitangi settlements with Māori, and the shift to the MMP voting system (adopted 1993/1996).
Question
What is multiculturalism, and how does it differ from assimilation?
Answer
Multiculturalism accepts and celebrates many cultures coexisting in one society; assimilation expects migrants to give up their own culture and adopt the majority culture.
Question
Why did Australia adopt 'Advance Australia Fair' as its national anthem in 1984?
Answer
As part of a broader shift toward a distinct Australian national identity, replacing 'God Save the Queen' and moving away from a purely British-focused self-image.
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Topic 20.17 hub
Developments in Oceania after the Second World War (1945–2005)
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