Nationalism, Independence Leaders and a Case Study: South-East Asia after Japanese Occupation
Practice Flashcards
Flip to reveal answersWhat was PETA, and why did it matter for Indonesian independence?
Track your progress — Sign up free to save your progress and get smart review reminders based on spaced repetition.
All 12 Flashcards — Nationalism, Independence Leaders and a Case Study: South-East Asia after Japanese Occupation
Sign up free to track progress and get spaced-repetition review schedules.
Question
What was PETA, and why did it matter for Indonesian independence?
Answer
PETA (Defenders of the Homeland) was a Japanese-sponsored Indonesian militia that gave Sukarno's movement trained fighters and weapons, later used to resist Dutch reconquest.
Question
When did Sukarno declare Indonesian independence, and how soon after Japan's surrender?
Answer
17 August 1945 — just two days after Japan's surrender.
Question
Who led the Viet Minh, and when was Vietnamese independence declared?
Answer
Ho Chi Minh led the Viet Minh; independence was declared in Hanoi in September 1945.
Question
What was the MPAJA?
Answer
The Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army — a mostly Chinese, communist-led guerrilla resistance force in Malaya, supplied by the British (Force 136).
Question
Who was Tunku Abdul Rahman and what did he achieve?
Answer
A Malay political leader who unified nationalist demands after WWII, led UMNO, and negotiated Malayan independence, achieved in 1957.
Question
Why did Malayan independence take until 1957 while Indonesia and Vietnam declared independence in 1945?
Answer
Britain reoccupied Malaya quickly and kept firm control, unlike the weaker/delayed return of Dutch and French forces in Indonesia and Vietnam.
Question
What was the Round Table Conference (1949)?
Answer
A Hague conference where the Netherlands, under military stalemate and US pressure, agreed to formally transfer sovereignty to Indonesia in December 1949.
Question
What role did US pressure play in Indonesian independence?
Answer
The US threatened to cut Marshall Plan aid to the Netherlands unless it negotiated with Indonesian nationalists, helping force the 1949 settlement.
Question
Why is the Philippines a good case-study choice for this section?
Answer
Independence had already been promised pre-war (1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act, effective 1946), so the war's main effect was destruction and a communist insurgency, not the cause of independence.
Question
What was the Hukbalahap?
Answer
A communist-led Filipino resistance movement that fought Japanese occupation and later turned against the post-war government.
Question
What happened in the Battle of Manila (1945)?
Answer
A devastating battle as US forces retook the Philippine capital from Japan, killing over 100,000 civilians and destroying much of the city.
Question
Compare resistance and collaboration in Indonesia during Japanese occupation.
Answer
Sukarno collaborated tactically (gaining a platform and PETA training) while some pemuda (youth) groups pushed for more open resistance — showing both strategies operated at once.
Read the notes
Full study notes for Nationalism, Independence Leaders and a Case Study: South-East Asia after Japanese Occupation
Topic 20.13 hub
Impact of the Second World War on South-East Asia
More from Topic 20.13
All flashcards in this topic
History exam skills
Paper structures & tips
Track your progress with spaced repetition
Sign up free — Aimnova tells you exactly which cards to review and when, so you remember everything before your IB exam.
Start Free