From War Promises to the Salt March: Origins of Indian Nationalism, 1919–1930
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All 12 Flashcards — From War Promises to the Salt March: Origins of Indian Nationalism, 1919–1930
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Question
What was the Rowlatt Act (1919)?
Answer
A law allowing the British government to imprison suspected revolutionaries without trial, extending wartime emergency powers into peacetime — it sparked nationwide protest.
Question
What happened at Amritsar on 13 April 1919?
Answer
Brigadier-General Dyer ordered troops to fire on an unarmed crowd at Jallianwala Bagh; hundreds were killed. It destroyed Indian trust in British rule.
Question
What was diarchy under the Government of India Act (1919)?
Answer
A system of dual rule where Indian ministers controlled some provincial subjects (education, health) while the British kept finance, police, and law and order.
Question
Why was the Simon Commission (1928) boycotted?
Answer
It had no Indian members at all, despite reviewing India's constitutional future — seen as a deliberate insult by every major Indian political group.
Question
What were the Round Table Conferences (1930–1932)?
Answer
Three conferences in London discussing constitutional reform for India; they ended in deadlock, mainly over how to represent religious minorities.
Question
Who founded and led the Indian National Congress's mass campaigns after 1919?
Answer
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, using satyagraha (non-violent resistance) as the core method.
Question
What was satyagraha?
Answer
Gandhi's strategy of non-violent resistance ('truth-force'), including non-cooperation and civil disobedience, used to challenge British rule without violence.
Question
What was the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922)?
Answer
Congress's first nationwide mass campaign, urging Indians to boycott British goods, schools, courts, and titles; it ended after violence at Chauri Chaura in 1922.
Question
What happened at Chauri Chaura (February 1922)?
Answer
A protest turned violent and a mob killed 22 policemen; Gandhi immediately called off the Non-Cooperation Movement because of this breach of non-violence.
Question
What was purna swaraj and when was it declared?
Answer
'Complete independence' — the goal Congress formally adopted at its December 1929 session, replacing earlier demands for limited reform.
Question
Describe the key steps of the Salt March (1930).
Answer
Gandhi walked about 390 km from Sabarmati to Dandi (12 March–6 April 1930), then illegally made salt from seawater, triggering nationwide civil disobedience and over 60,000 arrests.
Question
Compare the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League in this period.
Answer
Congress (led by Gandhi, then Nehru) sought a united, independent India through mass non-violent campaigns; the Muslim League (increasingly led by Jinnah) represented Muslim political interests and grew wary of Congress dominance.
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Topic 20.10 hub
Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964)
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