Back to Topic 19.6 — Independence movements (1763–1830)
19.6.1History HL12 flashcards

Causes of revolution and the American path to independence

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Card 1 of 1219.6.1
19.6.1
Question

What are the four categories of causes of independence movements in the Americas?

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All 12 Flashcards — Causes of revolution and the American path to independence

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Card 1concept

Question

What are the four categories of causes of independence movements in the Americas?

Answer

Political, economic, social, and religious causes.

Card 2definition

Question

What Enlightenment idea from John Locke justified rebellion against unjust rulers?

Answer

Natural rights — life, liberty and property — and the idea that government must protect these or lose legitimacy.

Card 3example

Question

What was the Stamp Act (1765) and why did it matter?

Answer

Britain's first direct tax on colonists; sparked the 'no taxation without representation' protest and colonial boycotts.

Card 4process

Question

Put these events in order: Boston Tea Party, Declaration of Independence, Stamp Act, Lexington and Concord.

Answer

Stamp Act (1765) → Boston Tea Party (1773) → Lexington and Concord (1775) → Declaration of Independence (1776).

Card 5concept

Question

What did the Declaration of Independence argue?

Answer

That government exists only with the people's consent, that all people have unalienable natural rights, and that King George III's list of abuses justified breaking from Britain.

Card 6example

Question

Why was Valley Forge (1777–78) significant for Washington?

Answer

His army survived a brutal winter with little supply, proving the Continental Army's resilience under his leadership.

Card 7concept

Question

Why is the Battle of Saratoga (1777) called the turning point of the war?

Answer

It was a decisive American victory that convinced France to move from secret aid to an open military alliance in 1778.

Card 8concept

Question

What did France provide after the 1778 alliance?

Answer

Money, troops, and naval power — turning the colonial rebellion into a global war Britain could not sustain.

Card 9example

Question

What happened at Yorktown in 1781?

Answer

Combined American and French forces trapped General Cornwallis, whose surrender effectively ended the war.

Card 10comparison

Question

Compare a cause of the American Revolution to the Latin American independence movements.

Answer

Both were shaped by Enlightenment ideas and foreign intervention, but American causes centred on parliamentary taxation without representation, while Latin American causes centred on Creole exclusion from power and Bourbon Reform taxation.

Card 11definition

Question

What was the Treaty of Paris (1783)?

Answer

The treaty in which Britain formally recognized United States independence, ending the Revolutionary War.

Card 12process

Question

In an HL Paper 3 essay, why should causes/reasons for success be ranked rather than listed?

Answer

Ranking and linking factors (showing how one enabled another) demonstrates analytical judgment, which examiners reward over narrative listing.

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