Post-Transition Challenges, Movements and Cooperation in the Americas, 1980–2005
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Question
What triggered the Latin American debt crisis in 1982?
Answer
Mexico's default on its foreign debt, which spread to other heavily indebted Latin American economies.
Question
Who led Argentina's investigation into Dirty War disappearances, and what was its report called?
Answer
CONADEP, under President Alfonsín; its report was called *Nunca Más* ('Never Again'), documenting around 9,000 cases.
Question
What did the Full Stop Law (1986) and Due Obedience Law (1987) do in Argentina?
Answer
They limited prosecutions of lower-ranking military officers for Dirty War crimes, to avoid provoking the armed forces.
Question
How long did Pinochet remain army commander after leaving the presidency in 1990?
Answer
Until 1998, protected by a self-written amnesty law, delaying full accountability for his regime's crimes.
Question
Who founded Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and what ideology drove it?
Answer
Abimael Guzmán, a philosophy professor; it followed Maoist ideology calling for peasant-led armed revolution in Peru.
Question
Roughly how many people died in the Sendero Luminoso conflict in Peru?
Answer
Around 69,000, according to Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Question
Compare Sendero Luminoso and the Zapatistas as movements.
Answer
Sendero Luminoso was violent and total-revolution focused, causing mass death, crushed by Guzmán's 1992 capture. The Zapatistas began with a brief 1994 uprising but shifted to negotiation and media campaigns, achieving the 1996 San Andrés Accords.
Question
What is liberation theology?
Answer
A movement within the Catholic Church teaching that the church should actively side with the poor against injustice, inspiring both peaceful organising and, in some cases, armed struggle.
Question
What was NAFTA and when did it take effect?
Answer
The North American Free Trade Agreement between the US, Canada and Mexico, removing trade barriers; it came into force on 1 January 1994.
Question
What is Mercosur?
Answer
A free-trade bloc formed in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to gain more bargaining power through a larger combined market.
Question
What happened on 11 September 2001, and who was US president at the time?
Answer
Al-Qaeda hijackers attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000 people; George W. Bush was president and declared a 'War on Terror'.
Question
What was one regional economic effect of the 9/11 attacks?
Answer
Tighter US border and airport security slowed cross-border trade with Canada and Mexico, disrupting economies reliant on fast trade flows.
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Topic 19.18 hub
The Americas (1980–2005)
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