Origins and legal victories: the African American civil rights movement to 1965
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Question
What was Jim Crow?
Answer
State laws in the US South enforcing racial segregation in schools, transport and public places.
Question
What did the 1953 US termination policy try to do?
Answer
End federal recognition of Native American tribes, pushing assimilation and causing land and service losses.
Question
What was the American Indian Movement (AIM)?
Answer
Founded 1968, organized urban Native Americans against police harassment, poverty and loss of treaty rights; led Alcatraz and Wounded Knee occupations.
Question
What did the NAACP do in the civil rights movement?
Answer
Used the courts to challenge segregation directly, leading the legal campaign behind Brown v. Board of Education.
Question
Compare SCLC and SNCC.
Answer
SCLC: church-based, led by Dr King, organized mass non-violent protest. SNCC: student-led, organized sit-ins and voter registration, often more confrontational.
Question
What did Brown v. Board of Education (1954) rule?
Answer
Segregated public schools were unconstitutional, overturning the 1896 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Question
What did the Civil Rights Act (1964) do?
Answer
Banned discrimination in employment and public places, ending legal segregation in businesses.
Question
What did the Voting Rights Act (1965) do?
Answer
Banned literacy tests and sent federal officials to register Black voters in the South.
Question
What sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)?
Answer
Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat; the 381-day boycott ended when the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional, launching Dr King to national leadership.
Question
What happened at the Birmingham campaign (1963)?
Answer
Dr King targeted a heavily segregated city; televised police violence against peaceful marchers built national pressure for civil rights legislation.
Question
What was the significance of the March on Washington (1963)?
Answer
250,000 people gathered to hear Dr King's 'I Have a Dream' speech, pushing forward the civil rights bill that became the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Question
How did Selma (1965) lead to the Voting Rights Act?
Answer
Police beat marchers on 'Bloody Sunday'; national outrage directly pressured Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act later that year.
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Topic 19.17 hub
Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945
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