Conditions and causes of democratisation

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The long process by which a country moves from rule by a monarch or elite to government by its own people.

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Competitive elections, extension of suffrage, rule of law, protection of rights, and accountable government.

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A condition is a slow-building force that makes democracy possible (the firewood); a cause is the immediate trigger that sets it off (the match).

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It created cities, a large working class, a rising middle class and mass literacy — all generating pressure for the vote and representation.

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The belief in individual rights and limited, constitutional government — it demanded constitutions, the rule of law and voting rights.

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The belief in workers' rights and shared economic power — it demanded the vote and better conditions for the working class.

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A wave of revolutions across Europe demanding constitutions and wider suffrage. Most were crushed within a year, but they launched the long demand for representative government.

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Defeat toppled the German, Austrian, Russian and Ottoman monarchies; Germany became the Weimar Republic in 1919, and Britain widened women's suffrage in 1918.

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It destroyed fascism, and the Allies rebuilt West Germany, Italy and Japan as democracies — democracy became the moral opposite of the beaten dictatorships.

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War did not create the desire for democracy — it removed the obstacle by discrediting and destroying the authoritarian regime blocking the way.

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Reformers, trade unions and suffrage movements advanced democracy, while monarchs, aristocrats and dictators often resisted it — progress was fought for, not automatic.

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It structures the essay and lets you weigh long-term forces against short-term triggers, which is exactly what command terms like 'Examine' reward.