The role of leaders in the rise of movements
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Flip to reveal answersWhat are the three main jobs of a leader in an independence movement?
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Question
What are the three main jobs of a leader in an independence movement?
Answer
Articulate grievances, build organisation, and inspire mass support (A-O-I).
Question
Define charismatic leadership.
Answer
Leadership whose authority comes from a leader's personal magnetism that makes people want to follow — e.g. Gandhi's saintly image, Bolívar as 'the Liberator'.
Question
Define ideological leadership.
Answer
Leadership whose authority comes from a set of ideas — e.g. Nehru's socialism and demand for full independence, or Bolívar's vision of a united Spanish America.
Question
How did Gandhi transform Congress after 1919?
Answer
He reorganised it into a mass movement with cheap membership and village branches, and introduced satyagraha (non-violent resistance) that peasants, women and the poor could join.
Question
What is satyagraha?
Answer
Gandhi's method of non-violent resistance, meaning 'truth-force' or 'soul-force'.
Question
What is purna swaraj, and when was it adopted?
Answer
'Complete independence' — adopted by Congress at the Lahore session in 1929 under Nehru, replacing the goal of dominion status.
Question
Who led the northern and southern campaigns in Spanish America?
Answer
Simón Bolívar ('the Liberator') led the northern campaign; José de San Martín led the southern campaign. They met at Guayaquil in 1822.
Question
What was the Angostura Address (1819)?
Answer
Bolívar's speech setting out his vision: independence from Spain plus a strong central government, because he feared disunity and anarchy in the new republics.
Question
What was Bolívar's vision for Spanish America?
Answer
A single, united Spanish-American nation (his 'Gran Colombia') strong enough to resist Spain and Europe — but it collapsed by 1830.
Question
How did leaders widen support beyond the elite?
Answer
They fused national, ideological and economic grievances — Gandhi used the salt tax and poverty; Bolívar promised freedom to the enslaved and land to soldiers.
Question
Compare Gandhi's and Nehru's leadership styles.
Answer
Gandhi was mainly charismatic and organisational (mass action, satyagraha); Nehru was mainly ideological (socialism, secularism, the goal of purna swaraj).
Question
What does the collapse of Gran Colombia by 1830 show about leadership?
Answer
That charisma and vision can win independence but struggle to build lasting unity — Bolívar himself said governing Spanish America was like 'ploughing the sea'.
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Topic 13.1 hub
Origins and rise of independence movements
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