Unit 10: Paper 3 — History of Africa and the Middle East (HL)
Topic 10.12: Modern developments in Ethiopia, Niger, Somalia, Tunisia, Zambia and Zimbabwe (c.1945–2020) Questions
Practice 20 exam-style questions for IB History (2028) Topic 10.12. Review the question stems below, then unlock the full Question Bank to access markschemes, model answers, and AI grading.
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.3 - Q5
In July 2023, a military coup in Niger removed which elected president?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q2
The Gukurahundi killings in Matabeleland, in which Mugabe's North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade killed an estimated 10,000-20,000 civilians, took place mainly in which years?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q10
To what extent do you agree with the claim that violent independence struggles, rather than peaceful transfers of power, were the decisive factor in producing authoritarian rule in post-independence Africa?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.2 - Q10
To what extent do you agree with the claim that state collapse, as seen in Somalia after 1991, was worse for economic development than authoritarian misrule, as seen in Zimbabwe after 2000?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q3
What was the main ideological justification Kenneth Kaunda used in 1972 to ban rival political parties in Zambia?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q4
In Zambia's transition to multi-party democracy, who won the 1991 election against Kaunda's UNIP?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q8
Discuss the view that Robert Mugabe's Gukurahundi campaign against ZAPU supporters in Matabeleland (1983-87) is best explained as an act of personal political ambition rather than as ethnic conflict or genuine security fear.
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q5
Which factor is identified in this micro as a major domestic (internal) cause of pressure for multi-party reform in Zambia during the 1980s?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.2 - Q6
Which reform, introduced by Habib Bourguiba in Tunisia's 1956 Code of Personal Status, reflected his belief that a modern economy needed educated women in it?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q7
To what extent do you agree that internal pressures, rather than external influence, were the main cause of the move to multi-party democracy in Africa in the 1980s and 1990s? Refer to ONE prescribed country you have studied.
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.2 - Q2
Which Ethiopian leader is most closely associated with designing the 'developmental state' model of government-directed industrialisation?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.3 - Q2
What triggered the collapse of the Zambian government's revenue base in the 1970s-80s?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q9
Evaluate the claim that Zimbabwe's transition to multi-party elections after 1980 represented a genuine democratization, in contrast to the earlier one-party authoritarian model seen elsewhere in Africa.
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.2 - Q9
Discuss the view that economic growth in this region generally failed to improve the lives of ordinary people, even in the most 'successful' economies.
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.2 - Q1
Which single export commodity did Zambia's economy depend on most heavily, leaving it exposed when world prices crashed in the 1970s?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.3 - Q1
Which regime governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991, before the EPRDF took power?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.2 - Q3
How did the Ethiopian government primarily fund the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), begun in 2011, when foreign loans proved insufficient?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.3 - Q3
In 1993, a battle in Mogadishu that became known as 'Black Hawk Down' led directly to which outcome?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.2 - Q4
Approximately how many people are estimated to have died in the Ethiopian famine of 1983–1985, a crisis worsened by Derg government policy rather than drought alone?
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2026• Aimnova original vault - 10.12.1 - Q1
Which pair correctly matches an African leader with the method by which he first came to power?
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