Unification — Italy and Germany unified
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Flip to reveal answersWho was Piedmont's prime minister from 1852 who used diplomacy to drive Italian unification?
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Question
Who was Piedmont's prime minister from 1852 who used diplomacy to drive Italian unification?
Answer
Camillo Benso di Cavour
Question
What was the Pact of Plombières (1858)?
Answer
A secret deal where France agreed to help Piedmont fight Austria in exchange for Nice and Savoy
Question
Who led the Redshirts to conquer Sicily and Naples in 1860?
Answer
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Question
What did Garibaldi do after conquering southern Italy in 1860?
Answer
He handed control to King Victor Emmanuel II rather than keeping power himself
Question
Compare Cavour and Garibaldi's roles in Italian unification.
Answer
Cavour used diplomacy and calculated war to expand Piedmont; Garibaldi used bold military action and popular nationalism to conquer the south, then ceded power to unify the state
Question
How did Italy gain Venetia (1866) and Rome (1870)?
Answer
By allying with Prussia against Austria in 1866, and by seizing Rome once French troops withdrew for the Franco-Prussian War in 1870
Question
What is realpolitik?
Answer
Practical politics based on self-interest and results, not ideals — Cavour and Bismarck's shared method
Question
Who was Prussia's minister-president from 1862 who unified Germany through war?
Answer
Otto von Bismarck
Question
What did Bismarck mean by 'blood and iron' (1862)?
Answer
That Germany's future would be decided by military force and war, not by parliamentary speeches and votes
Question
List the three Wars of Unification Bismarck used to unify Germany.
Answer
Danish War (1864), Austro-Prussian War (1866), Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)
Question
Why did Austria decline in German and Italian affairs by 1871?
Answer
Crushing defeats — losing Lombardy to France/Piedmont (1859) and being decisively beaten by Prussia at Sadowa (1866) — ended its influence over both regions
Question
What happened in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer
King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Kaiser of a newly unified German Empire
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Topic 13.5 hub
Unification of Germany and Italy (1815–1871)
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