Cold War Europe — integration and after
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Flip to reveal answersWhat was the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?
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Question
What was the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?
Answer
Treaty that turned the EEC into the **European Union**, created the euro currency plan, and introduced EU citizenship.
Question
Name the two waves of EU expansion after the Cold War.
Answer
1995 (Austria, Finland, Sweden — rich, neutral states) and 2004 (the 'Big Bang' — 10 states, mostly ex-communist Central/Eastern Europe, e.g. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic).
Question
What is the Schengen Area?
Answer
A zone of EU (and some non-EU) countries with **no passport checks** at internal borders.
Question
What is the Eurozone?
Answer
The group of EU states that adopted the **euro** as their shared currency, starting 1999/2002.
Question
Give one economic benefit and one economic cost of the euro.
Answer
Benefit: easier trade, no exchange-rate risk. Cost: countries lose control of their own interest rates — seen sharply in the 2010s Greek debt crisis.
Question
What social policies did the EU expand after the Cold War?
Answer
Freedom of movement for workers, common social/employment rights, funding for poorer regions (Cohesion Funds), and Erasmus student exchange.
Question
What was UKIP and what did it campaign for?
Answer
The UK Independence Party, led by Nigel Farage — campaigned for Britain to leave the EU, citing sovereignty and immigration concerns.
Question
What was the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum?
Answer
52% voted to Leave the EU, 48% to Remain. The UK formally left on 31 January 2020.
Question
Name two named reasons for political resistance to the EU (besides Brexit).
Answer
Loss of national sovereignty (laws made in Brussels) and anger over immigration/free movement; also resentment at austerity rules imposed during the debt crisis.
Question
Give one example of post-Cold War social change in a European country (e.g. Germany).
Answer
Reunified Germany (1990) faced a persistent East-West gap in wages and unemployment — a divide still visible decades later.
Question
What is 'democratic deficit' as applied to the EU?
Answer
The criticism that unelected EU bodies (like the Commission) hold too much power over elected national governments.
Question
What Paper 3 skill does this micro mainly train?
Answer
Evaluating a historical argument ('to what extent') by weighing benefits against costs/resistance and reaching a substantiated judgement.
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Full study notes for Cold War Europe — integration and after
Topic 13.12 hub
Europe during and after the Cold War (1945–2020)
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