India — methods of struggle and the key leaders
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Question
What is satyagraha?
Answer
Gandhi's method of nonviolent resistance based on 'holding firmly to truth' — mass civil disobedience and withdrawal of cooperation to expose and pressure unjust rule.
Question
What triggered the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920–22?
Answer
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919), where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed civilians in Amritsar, alongside the Khilafat grievance.
Question
Why did Gandhi call off the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer
In February 1922 a mob killed 22 policemen at Chauri Chaura; Gandhi suspended the movement to preserve strict nonviolent discipline.
Question
Describe the Salt March, 1930.
Answer
Gandhi walked 240 miles from Ahmedabad to Dandi over 24 days, then broke the law by making salt from the sea on 6 April 1930, sparking mass civil disobedience across India.
Question
What was the outcome of the Salt March campaign?
Answer
Over 60,000 arrests, huge international media coverage that embarrassed Britain, leading to the 1931 Gandhi–Irwin Pact.
Question
What triggered the Quit India Movement of 1942?
Answer
Britain declared India at war (WWII) without consulting Indian leaders; Congress demanded immediate British withdrawal under the slogan 'Do or Die.'
Question
Compare Gandhi's and Nehru's visions for India.
Answer
Gandhi: rural, self-reliant, nonviolence as moral absolute. Nehru: industrial, planned, secular modern state, more impatient for full independence.
Question
What did Jinnah come to believe by the 1940s?
Answer
That Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations needing separate homelands — the Two-Nation theory underpinning the demand for Pakistan.
Question
Who led the Indian National Army (INA) and what was its aim?
Answer
Subhas Chandra Bose led the INA, formed from Indian POWs and expatriates in Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia, aiming to liberate India by armed force alongside Japan.
Question
What happened to the INA militarily in 1944?
Answer
The INA fought alongside Japan in the Imphal–Kohima offensive into India, which ended in British victory and INA defeat.
Question
Why were the 1945–46 Red Fort INA trials significant?
Answer
Court-martialling captured INA officers sparked huge nationwide protests and mutiny in the Royal Indian Navy, showing Britain that even its own forces' loyalty was in doubt.
Question
Contrast Gandhi's and Bose's strategies for independence.
Answer
Gandhi: nonviolent mass civil disobedience (satyagraha). Bose: rejected nonviolence, led armed struggle via the INA with Axis support.
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Topic 12.6 hub
Independence of India (1857–1964)
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