Responses to poverty

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Aid, fair trade, debt relief and the SDGs (between-country tools), and social protection and cash transfers (direct support).

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Development assistance — money, goods or expertise transferred from richer to poorer countries or people to help reduce poverty.

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Trading arrangements meant to give producers in poorer countries a fairer price and terms, so that trade helps lift them out of poverty.

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Cancelling or reducing poor countries' debts so that money can go to development instead of debt repayments.

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17 Sustainable Development Goals agreed by UN members, with ending poverty as goal 1 — shared global targets that coordinate effort but have no enforcement.

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State support such as pensions, benefits and cash transfers that protects people from destitution.

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Direct payments of money to poor households. Evidence is strong: they reliably reduce poverty and improve health and schooling, and are rarely wasted.

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Attaching conditions to aid or support — e.g. requiring school attendance for a transfer, or reforms in return for aid — a genuine trade-off, not an obvious good.

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It can create dependency, distort local markets, or prop up unaccountable governments — so its effect depends heavily on how it is designed and delivered.

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Conditions can build capabilities and win political support, but they cost more to monitor and can exclude the very poorest who cannot meet them.

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Direct support and structural reform are complements, not rivals — meet needs now with aid and transfers AND change the rules with fair trade and debt relief, conditions weighed.