Measuring and advancing human development
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Question
Define development.
Answer
The **improvement of people's lives** — longer, healthier, freer lives with more choices; **multidimensional** (economic, social, political), not just income.
Question
What does the HDI measure?
Answer
A **composite** of **income (GNI), education (years of schooling) and health (life expectancy)**, scored 0 to 1.
Question
What does GNI per capita measure?
Answer
The **average income per person** (PPP-adjusted) — a single economic measure that hides inequality.
Question
What does the Gini coefficient show?
Answer
**Income inequality within a country** (0 = perfect equality, 1 = total concentration).
Question
What do the GII and GDI capture?
Answer
**Gender inequality** — GII in health, empowerment and work; GDI as the HDI gap between women and men.
Question
What is the development gap?
Answer
The **persistent difference in development** between the richest and poorest places, at every scale (country, region, group).
Question
Why can a single measure mislead?
Answer
An **average** hides inequality (use Gini), money is not wellbeing (use HDI), and it ignores who benefits (use GII).
Question
Name the main flows that advance development.
Answer
**Trade, aid, FDI, remittances, microfinance and South-South loans**, aligned to the **SDGs**.
Question
How do remittances advance development?
Answer
Migrant wages go **straight to families** for food, schooling and healthcare — raising HDI; flows can exceed aid in size.
Question
How does microfinance advance development?
Answer
**Small loans (often to women)** start micro-enterprises, raising household income and the GII — but at small scale, with debt risk.
Question
What are the SDGs?
Answer
**17 shared global goals (2015-2030)** aligning flows around poverty, health, education, gender and climate.
Question
What does a top 16-mark evaluation need?
Answer
A **balanced argument** with **named case studies**, a genuine counter, **synoptic links** (Units 4-5-6) and an explicit **judgement** on *how far*.
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Topic 5.1 hub
Development opportunities
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