Conservation and regeneration

A scheme where landowners are paid to protect or restore ecosystems because they provide valuable services (e.g., carbon storage, clean water).

People protect forests more when they can earn money by keeping forests standing rather than clearing them.

PES: landowners paid to conserve forests (also ecotourism funding protected areas).

It makes conservation financially competitive with clearing land, so landowners keep forests standing.

Tourism income funds protection/enforcement and gives local communities jobs, making intact ecosystems more valuable than cleared land.

Incentives encourage compliance, while laws prevent high-profit illegal clearing and set boundaries.

If unmanaged, tourism can damage habitats (waste, disturbance) or profits may not reach local communities.

They reward sustainable production with market access/higher prices, encouraging land users to avoid deforestation.

It shifts consumer demand toward sustainably produced goods, rewarding land users who avoid deforestation.

Protecting species outside their natural habitat.

Ex situ conservation protects a species outside its natural habitat (e.g., zoos, botanic gardens, seed banks).

Returning individuals bred/kept ex situ back into suitable wild habitats.

It can prevent extinction by keeping individuals safe and allowing population growth via breeding.

Small captive populations can lead to low genetic diversity (bottleneck/inbreeding).

The original threat must be removed or controlled (e.g., poaching stopped).

Zoos/wildlife parks, botanic gardens, and seed banks (also captive breeding and cryopreservation).

Zoos/captive breeding programmes and seed banks (also botanic gardens).

When extinction risk is high and in situ protection is failing (e.g., habitat destroyed or threats cannot be controlled).

It requires facilities, specialist staff, long-term care, and ongoing funding for breeding/management.

If habitat is still degraded/fragmented or threats continue, released animals may not survive or reproduce.

It does not fix habitat loss or threats in the wild.

Captive populations are often small, so inbreeding and bottlenecks can reduce adaptability and survival.

They raise awareness and can generate funding/support for conservation.

To increase population size safely and (when possible) supply individuals for later reintroduction.

They may lack survival skills (e.g., hunting/avoiding predators) and need training or gradual release.

It checks survival, movement, and breeding success, and helps managers adjust protection if problems occur.

It does not protect ecosystems or remove the original threats, so long-term survival still depends on habitat protection.

It buys time for a species while in situ threats are reduced and habitat is restored for possible reintroduction.

Threats must be reduced and habitat must be suitable to support the species again.

Long-term protection of ecosystems and natural processes.

Reduce threats in the wild (laws, enforcement, control of invasives/poaching).

Very high urgency of extinction risk (population too small to survive in the wild).

In situ protects species in their natural habitat; ex situ protects them outside the habitat.

Preventing extinction in the short term when wild survival is unlikely.

Protect and restore habitat in situ (protected areas, restoration, corridors).

Habitat is still intact and threats can be reduced/managed effectively.

It reduces immediate extinction risk while restoring habitat for long-term survival.

In situ, because it protects ecosystems, interactions, and natural processes that support viable populations.

If threats like poaching/invasives cannot be controlled, in situ may fail and ex situ backup becomes important.

It addresses both immediate extinction risk and long-term habitat/ecosystem recovery.

Ex situ (captive breeding/seed banks) to prevent extinction while threats are addressed.

Create an ex situ safety net (captive breeding/seed bank/gene bank) to prevent extinction.

Ex situ does not conserve ecosystems and may reduce genetic diversity due to small captive populations.

Genetic diversity potential (larger, connected populations maintain variation for adaptation).

Your chosen strategy using threats, habitat condition, genetic diversity, and feasibility.

Reintroduce and monitor populations once habitat and threats are suitable.

A combined approach: protect/restore habitat in situ and use ex situ as a safety net.

Because long-term conservation only works if funding, capacity, and local support can be maintained.

Therefore, in situ is preferred long-term, but ex situ is vital as a safety net when extinction risk is high.

It can save species short-term but cannot replace habitat protection and ecosystem function.

Protecting species in their natural habitat, conserving ecosystems and interactions.

Dividing an area into zones (core, buffer, transition) to reduce human impact while allowing limited use where appropriate.

Populations are usually larger in the wild, reducing bottlenecks and maintaining variation for adaptation.

In situ conservation means protecting species within their natural habitat and conserving the wider ecosystem.

It maintains food webs, ecosystem processes, and natural selection, supporting viable populations over time.

Patrols, monitoring, and penalties reduce illegal killing, increasing survival and reproduction of threatened species.

It protects whole ecosystems and supports natural processes and adaptation.

Pollination and decomposition (also nutrient cycling, predation, seed dispersal).

Protected areas, habitat restoration, and laws/enforcement (also corridors and sustainable harvesting).

Protecting a habitat usually protects many species at once, not just a single target species.

Fishing quotas/closed seasons/size limits that prevent overharvesting and allow populations to recover.

Protected areas, restoration, and corridors (also laws/enforcement).

They enable dispersal and gene flow between populations, reducing isolation and supporting recolonisation.

If local people benefit, they support protection and reduce illegal use, improving long-term sustainability.

Conditions may shift faster than species can adapt or migrate, making habitats unsuitable even if protected.

When threats remain high or habitat is too degraded to support viable populations.

When habitat is heavily degraded/fragmented or threats like poaching and invasives cannot be controlled.

Removing/controlling invasives reduces competition/predation on native species, allowing native populations to recover.

They protect core habitats by limiting human activity, allowing populations to survive and reproduce.

They maintain connectivity between habitats, enabling movement and gene flow and reducing isolation.

Small reserves can suffer from edge effects, inbreeding, and may not support viable populations.

Corridors may be narrow and vulnerable to edge effects and human disturbance, so design and surrounding land use matter.

Combine large protected areas (core habitat) with well-designed corridors (connectivity) to form a network.

Rewilding is a conservation approach that restores natural processes and reduces human control so ecosystems can recover.

After war, wildlife populations collapsed and the park was left with very few animals.

By reintroducing/protecting wildlife and working with local communities through jobs and shared benefits.

Reintroducing key species and restoring connectivity (corridors) (also reducing harmful human activities).

They have a disproportionately large effect on ecosystem structure and processes, so restoring them can trigger wider recovery.

Creates jobs and income (e.g., rangers, guides, tourism), increasing support for conservation.

Reintroduced predators can control herbivore populations, allowing vegetation and habitats to recover.

They take time, require funding, and may face human-wildlife conflict.

People may fear predators or worry about crop/livestock losses, so planning and community support are essential.

Species and ecosystem processes cross borders, so shared planning and support can improve success.

Without monitoring and penalties, illegal clearing continues despite the law, so forest loss does not decrease.

In situ conservation protects species in their natural habitat, maintaining ecological interactions and natural processes.

They reduce land conversion and allow forests to regenerate through succession.

Protected areas (national parks/reserves) and habitat restoration (e.g., reforestation, wetland repair).

Monitoring (rangers/satellites/inspections) and real penalties (fines, prosecutions, permit removal).

Because a law without enforcement rarely changes behaviour or reduces illegal clearing.

By restricting land conversion/logging so secondary succession can rebuild forest cover naturally.

It raises the cost/risk of illegal clearing, reducing land conversion and allowing regrowth through succession.

Satellite monitoring (also ranger patrols, inspections, remote sensing alerts).

They connect habitats, allowing movement and gene flow between populations, reducing isolation and inbreeding.

Insufficient funding/staff, corruption, or unclear boundaries/land rights leading to weak compliance.

If enforcement is weak, illegal logging/poaching and continued land pressure can continue inside the protected area.