Change

The evolution, transformation, adaptation or movement from one form, state or value to another.

History, science and technology studies (STS), and future studies.

Evolution is small steps — a change of degree. Transformation is a change of kind: the thing becomes something else.

A change deep enough that the arrangements built around the old way stop working.

Who gains and loses? Who was asked? When are you asking? Compared with what?

The gains and the costs fall on different people, so both can be accurate and reach opposite conclusions.

Not against the past, but against what could have been built instead.

Benefits are immediate and measurable; costs fall slowly on fewer people and are harder to count.

Technological determinism, social shaping, and co-production.

The view that a technology arrives and society rearranges around it — as though nobody designed, funded or deployed it.

The same technology produces very different outcomes in different societies — Estonia's internet voting against internet shutdowns.

Uncovering the assumptions and interrelationships behind a claim, not only agreeing or disagreeing.

Continuity: a new method for a need that already existed, which old arrangements can adapt to. Discontinuity: a break that needs new rules.

Has a judgement that used to be made by a person moved into a system?

It is the half most answers omit, and it is usually where the surprising point is.

Continuous in purpose; discontinuous in scale and reviewability — and it is the second pair that makes it a new problem.