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All 13 Flashcards — Cloning and asexual methods
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Question
What is a clone?
Answer
An organism (or cell) that is **genetically identical** to the one it came from.
Question
Define asexual reproduction.
Answer
Reproduction from a **single parent**, **without gametes or fertilisation**, producing offspring genetically identical to the parent.
Question
Which type of cell division produces clones, and why are they identical?
Answer
**Mitosis** — it copies the parent's DNA exactly, so there is **no genetic variation**.
Question
How do yeast cells reproduce?
Answer
By **budding** — a small outgrowth (bud) receives a copy of the genetic material and then **pinches off** as a smaller, identical daughter cell.
Question
Give two examples of NATURAL cloning.
Answer
**Budding** (yeast, Hydra) and plant **runners / tubers / bulbs** (e.g. strawberry, potato).
Question
What is vegetative propagation?
Answer
Cloning a plant by growing a new plant from a part of the parent — e.g. a **stem cutting** encouraged to grow roots.
Question
How would you clone a plant from a stem cutting?
Answer
Take a cutting from the parent, **encourage it to grow roots**, and raise a plant **genetically identical** to the parent.
Question
What is tissue culture (micropropagation)?
Answer
Growing **many identical plantlets** from a few cells of one plant on a sterile **nutrient medium**.
Question
Which method successfully cloned an adult animal, and what famous animal resulted?
Answer
**Somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)** — it produced **Dolly the sheep**.
Question
Outline the key steps of SCNT.
Answer
Take a **body-cell nucleus** → put it into an **egg whose nucleus was removed** → **stimulate** it into an embryo → **implant** in a surrogate mother.
Question
In SCNT, which nucleus is kept and which is removed?
Answer
The **adult body-cell nucleus** is kept (and transferred); the **egg's own nucleus is removed**.
Question
Predict how similar five plants grown from one parent's runners will be.
Answer
**Genetically identical** to each other and the parent — they are clones made by mitosis, so there is **no variation**.
Question
Is cloning sexual or asexual reproduction?
Answer
**Asexual** — it uses one parent and no fertilisation, so the offspring are clones.
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Topic 4.7 hub
Reproduction
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