Question 1

State the approximate percentage of energy passed on to the next trophic level (the 10% rule).

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Question 2

Define the term productivity as used in ecosystem studies.

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Question 3

Write the formula linking net productivity (NP), gross productivity (GP), and respiration (R).

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Question 4

Define the term energy efficiency in a food chain.

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Question 5

Define the term biomass as used in ecological pyramids.

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Question 6

A food chain is phytoplankton → zooplankton → sardine → tuna. Identify the primary consumer.

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Question 7

Outline what is meant by gross productivity (GP).

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Question 8

Outline the role of producers in ecosystems and explain why they are essential for energy flow.

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Question 9

State one reason why biomass is measured as dry mass rather than fresh mass.

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Question 10

Outline what a pyramid of numbers shows.

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Question 11

State the typical units for a pyramid of biomass.

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Question 12

State what is meant by net productivity (NP).

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Question 13

State the first law of thermodynamics.

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Question 14

State the second law of thermodynamics.

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Question 15

Describe one reason why approximately 90% of energy is lost between trophic levels.

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Question 16

Define the term pyramid of energy.

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Question 17

Figure 1 includes energy values for the grasshopper and frog. Calculate, as a percentage, the efficiency of energy transfer between grasshopper and frog.

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Question 18

Figure 2 includes energy values for shrimp and mackerel. Calculate, as a percentage, the efficiency of energy transfer between shrimp and mackerel.

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Question 19

Figure 1 shows the energy flow through trophic levels in a grassland ecosystem.

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Question 20

Suggest one reason why diets based mainly on lower trophic levels can be more sustainable.

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Topic 2.5: Flows of Energy and Matter Questions

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